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B.Tech Automobile Engineering Scheme & Syllabi 2015-2019 PDF

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MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING PROGRAMME STRUCTURE B Tech Degree Program Automobile Engineering 2015-19 THIRD SEMESTER Exam Relative weightage duration (Hrs.) Course Theo Pract CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Subject L T P C Code ry ical History of Indian science and HS1301 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 technology 3 MA1313 Engineering Mathematics-III 3 0 0 3 20 40 40 Material Science and AU1302 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 Metallurgy AU1305 Strength of Materials 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Theory of Automotive AU1306 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Engines Kinematics and Dynamics of AU1308 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Automobiles Computer Aided Drawing, AU1333 0 0 4 2 2 60 40 GD & T Lab Total 18 0 10 23 FOURTH SEMESTER Exam duration Relative weightage (Hrs.) Course Theor Pract CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Subject L T P C Code y ical EO1323 Economics 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 Engineering MA1410 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 Mathematics-IV Automotive Chassis AU1407 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 System Automotive Pneumatic & AU1409 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Hydraulic systems AU1410 Production Technology 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 ----------- Open Elective I 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 Advanced Computer AU1433 Aided Drawing, GD & T 0 0 4 2 2 60 40 Lab Total 18 0 10 23 FIFTH SEMESTER Exam Relative weightage duration (Hrs.) Course Theor Pract CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Subject L T P C Code y ical MBXXXX Management 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 AU1510 Automotive Design I 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Automotive AU1512 Transmission System 3 1 2 5 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Heat Transfer in AU1513 Automotive system 3 1 2 5 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 AUXXXX Department Elective I 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 ------------ Open Elective II 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 Total 18 2 6 23 SIXTH SEMESTER Exam Relative weightage duration (Hrs.) Course The Pract CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Subject L T P C Code ory ical AU1602 Automotive Electrical 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Systems AU1605 Automotive design II 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 AU1606 Electronic control for 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 vehicle system AUXXXX Department Elective II 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 AUXXXX Department Elective III 2 0 2 3 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 -------------- Open Elective III 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 AU1630 CAD/ CAM lab 0 0 4 2 2 60 40 Total 17 0 12 23 SEVENTH SEMESTER Exam Relative weightage duration (Hrs.) Course Theo Pract Subject L T P C CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Code ry ical AU1705 Vehicle Dynamics & 3 0 2 4 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 Stability control Automotive Noise AU1707 3 0 0 3 Vibration & Harshness 3 20 40 40 AUXXXX Department Elective IV 2 0 2 3 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 AUXXXX Department Elective V 2 0 2 3 3 2 10 30 15 5 40 AUXXXX Department Elective VI 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 -------------- Open Elective IV 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 AU1732 Vehicle fault diagnosis 0 0 2 1 2 40 & Testing lab 60 Lean Six Sigma Green AU1733 belt pre work for 0 0 2 1 2 60 40 Internship Summer Training AU1782 0 0 0 1 100 /Internship Total 16 0 10 22 EIGHTH SEMESTER Exam duration Relative weightage (Hrs.) Course Practi Subject L T P C Theory CWS MTE PRS PRE ETE Code cal Industrial internship and AU 1881 Lean Six Sigma Green 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 belt Training AU1884 Industrial Project 0 0 0 9 100 OR Industrial internship and AU1881 Lean Six Sigma Green 3 0 0 3 3 20 40 40 belt Training AU1885 Departmental Project 0 0 0 9 100 Total 3 0 0 12 Course Code Course L T P C Departmental Elective I AU1553 Advanced Mechanics of Solids (R&D) 3 0 0 3 AU1554 Two and Three Wheeled Vehicle Systems (Sales &Service) 3 0 0 3 AU1555 Design for Manufacturing (Manufacturing) 3 0 0 3 Departmental Elective II AU1657 Advanced Internal Combustion Engines (R&D) 3 0 0 3 AU1658 Automotive Air Conditioning Systems (Sales &Service) 3 0 0 3 AU1659 Materials and Manufacturing of Automotive Components (Manufacturing) 3 0 0 3 Departmental Elective III AU1660 Computer Aided Design & FEA (R&D) 2 0 2 3 AU1661 Vehicle Body Engineering (Sales &Service) 2 0 2 3 AU1662 Computer Integrated Manufacturing (Manufacturing) 2 0 2 3 Departmental Elective IV AU1759 Computer Simulation of Internal Combustion Engine Process (R&D) 2 0 2 3 AU1760 Earth moving Equipment (Sales &Service) 2 0 2 3 AU1761 Metrology and Measurement System Analysis (MSA) (Manufacturing) 2 0 2 3 Departmental Elective V AU1762 Computational Fluid Dynamics (R&D) 2 0 2 3 AU1763 Automotive Pollution and Control (Sales &Service) 2 0 2 3 AU1764 Quality Assurance and Reliability Engineering (Manufacturing) 2 0 2 3 Departmental Elective VI AU1765 Alternative Fuels and Energy System for Automobile (R&D) 3 0 0 3 AU1766 Vehicle Ergonomics and Styling (Sales &Service) 3 0 0 3 AU1767 Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Resource Planning (Manufacturing) 3 0 0 3 Course Code Subject L T P C Open Elective –I AU1490 Fundamentals of Automobile Engineering 3 0 0 3 AU1491 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicle 3 0 0 3 AU1492 Engine Emissions and Control 3 0 0 3 Open Elective – II AU1590 Lean Six Sigma Green belt 3 0 0 3 AU1591 Advances in Automotive Manufacturing Technology 3 0 0 3 AU1592 Advances in Automotive Materials 3 0 0 3 Open Elective – III AU1690 Vehicle Maintenance and Garage practice 3 0 0 3 AU1691 Automotive Safety Systems 3 0 0 3 AU1692 Autotronics 3 0 0 3 Open Elective – IV AU1790 Modern Automotive technology 3 0 0 3 AU1791 Trends in Vehicle Styling and Ergonomics 3 0 0 3 AU1792 Process Control and Reliability Engineering 3 0 0 3 COURSE CONTENT B. Tech Automobile Engineering THIRD SEMESTER 2015-19 HS 1301 History of Indian science and technology [3 0 0 3] An overview of early civilizations in the history of the world; Early science, its origin, multiple cultures around the globe and their impact on development of science and technology; Achievements of ancient India in science and technology; Renaissance and scientific revolution; Major technological developments in history of world and rise of modern science. References: 1. Ronan, Colin A., (i) ‘Science: Its History and Its Development Among the World’s Culture’. (ii) The Cambridge Illustrated History of World’s Science’, Cambridge University Press, Newnes Books, 1983. 2. D.M. Bose, S.N.Sen & B.V. Subrayappa,’ A Concise History of science in India’ Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. 3. Ray Spangenburg and Daine k. Moser, (i) The History of Science From the Ancient Greeks to the Scientific Revolution, (ii) The History of Science in the Eighteenth Century, (iii) The History of Science in the Nineteenth Century (iv) The History of Science from 1895 to 1945 & (v) The History of Science from 1946 to 1990s. University Press (India) Limited, 1999. 4. J.G.Landels, University Press (India) Limited, 1999. 5. R.J.Forbes, ‘History of Technology’, O.U.P., 1956. MA1313 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III [3 0 0 3] Vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence and curl, vector integrals and related theorems Laplace Transforms: Transforms of elementary functions, inverse transforms, convolution theorem, Application of Laplace in solution of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients Fourier series: Fourier series, Dirichlet’s conditions, even and odd functions, half range series, change of interval, harmonic analysis Fourier Transforms: Fourier integrals, complex Fourier transform, Fourier sine and cosine transforms, solution of heat and wave equations Finite Differences and Interpolation: Finite difference operators, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formula, Lagrange’s and Stirling interpolation formula, Numerical differentiation and integration. Text Books: 1. B. S. Grewal, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2006 References: 1. Srimanta Pal, Subodh C. Bhunia, “ Engineering Mathematics” Oxford University Press.2015 2. H.K. Das, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” S. Chand, 2015 3. Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Wiley India Eastern, 2006. 4. B V Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi 2007. AU1302 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY [3 0 0 3] Introduction: Materials classification, Crystallography, Miller indices: Miller Bravais indices, Crystal structure determination, Imperfections in Crystals: Point defects, Line defects, Surface defects, Plastic Deformation, Metals and Alloys, Dislocation, Slip and twinning, Schmids law, Strengthening mechanisms: Solid solution strengthening, Work hardening, Recovery recrystallization and grain growth, Diffusion: Steady state and non-steady state diffusion, Solidification of Metals and Alloys: Solid solution, Hume Rothery's rules, Phase diagrams Phase and Lever Rules relationship of micro Structure and properties, Isomorphs systems, Eutectic system, Eutectoid peritectoid reactions, Iron- Carbon equilibrium diagram, Development of microstructure in Iron Carbon alloys, Phase transformation in steel, Heat Treatment ,TTT diagram, Steel: Low, medium, and high carbon steels, Stainless steels-ferritic, Austenitic, Martensitic, Duplex steels, Tool steels, Aluminium and its alloys, Magnesium and alloys, Titanium and its alloys, Ceramics and other materials: Super alloys, ceramics, Refractories, Composites and glasses, Nano-materials. Text Books: 1. V.Raghavan, Material science and engineering, Prentice Hall India, 2004. References: 1. R.Shackelford, Materials science for Engineers, Prentice Hall New Jersey, 1996. 2. A. Sidney, Introduction to physical metallurgy, McGraw Hill International, 1991. AU1305 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS [3 0 2 4] Stresses & Strains: Overview of simple stresses and strains. Shear Force and Bending Moment: Bending moment and shear force diagrams for different types of static loading and support conditions on beams. Strain Energy: Strain energy due to various types of loading, Strain energy due to self-weight, Strain energy due to shear force, Strain energy in terms of principal stresses. Pure bending and Shear stress in beam: Theory of simple bending, bending stresses, section modulus and transverse shear stress distribution in circular, hollow circular, I, Box, T, angle sections etc. Combined Direct and Bending Stress Torsion: Torsional shear stress in solid, hollow and stepped circular shafts, angular deflection and power transmission capacity, Strain energy in torsion. Principal Planes, Stresses and Strains: Members subjected to combined axial, bending and torsional loads, maximum normal and shear stresses, concept of equivalent bending and equivalent twisting moments, Mohr's circle of stress and strain. Column and strut: Instability and elastic stability, long and short columns, ideal strut, Euler's formula for crippling load for columns of different ends, concept of equivalent length, eccentric loading, Rankine formulae and other empirical relations. Deflection of Beam: Elastic curve of neutral axis of the beam under normal loads, Beam deflection and slope, Relation between deflection, bending moment, shear force and load, transverse deflection of beams and shaft under static loading. Lab: Tension test on mild steel, Compression test on cast iron, Hardness tests , Rockwell hardness , Brinell’s hardness, Charpy Impact test, Izod test on mild steel, Shear test, Torsion test on mild steel, Fatigue test on mild steel, Test on leaf spring, Test on Helical spring, Bending Test on Wood, Compression test on wood. Text books: 1. E.P. Popov, Engineering Mechanics of Solids, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 1997. References: 1. W.A. Nash, Theory and problems in Strength of Materials, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, 1995. 2. S.M.A. Kazimi, Solid Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, New Delhi, 1981. 3. G.H. Ryder, Strength of Materials, Macmillan India Ltd, 2002. 4. F.P. Beer and R. Johnston Mechanics of Materials, McGraw-Hill Book Co, Third Edition, 2002. AU1306 THEORY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES [3 0 2 4] Engine construction and operation: 4 stroke engine - Constructional details, working principle, Otto cycle, Actual indicator diagram, Fuel air cycle. Cylinder layout and configurations, Firing order and its significance, spark timing, Engine balancing, Materials of engine components. Engine fuel system: Carburettor working principle, Requirements of an automotive carburetor, starting, idling, acceleration and normal circuits of a carburetor, Compensation Maximum power devices, Constant choke and constant vacuum carburetor, Fuel feed system, Mechanical and electrical pumps, Requirements, solid injection, Function of components, common rail direct injection, Jerk and distributor type pumps, Pressure waves, Injection lag, Unit injector, Petrol Injection. Cooling and lubrication system: Need for cooling, Types of cooling system, air cooling and Liquid cooled system, Forced circulation system, pressure cooling system, Need for Lubrication system, Mist lubrication system, wet sump lubrication, Properties of lubricants, properties of coolant. Two stroke engines: Two stroke engine: types, terminologies, definitions, construction and operation, Comparison of four stroke and two stroke engine, operation, Theoretical scavenging methods, Scavenging pumps, Types of scavenging Supercharging and Turbocharging: Necessity and limitation, Charge cooling, Types of supercharging and turbocharging, Relative merits, Matching of turbocharger. Lab: Study of Hand tools: Power tools and measuring tools, applications, Dismantling of engines: Identification of parts, Inspection for wear and tear, crack, material breakdown of different engines components, Servicing of engines by paraffin and degreasing methods Assembling: Assembling the engines with using special tools, and learning necessary adjustments of the engine components IC Engines Performance Test on Diesel Engines ,I.C. Engines Performance Test on Petrol Engine, Evaluation of Engine friction by conducting Morse Test on Multi cylinder Petrol Engine and retardation and motoring test on diesel engine. Text Books: 1. V Ganesan, I.C Engines. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd, 2008. References: 1. K.Newton, W. Steeds, T.K. Garrett, The Motor Vehicle, SAE Publications, 2004. 2. M L Mathur and R P Sharma, A course in Internal combustion Engines, Dhanpat Rai publications, Pvt. Limited, 2009. 3. R.B. Gupta, I C Engines, Satya Prakashan Publications, 1997. 4. R.K.Rajput, Internal Combustion Engines, Laxmi Publications, P. Ltd, 2008. AU1308 KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF AUTOMOBILES [3 0 2 4] Basic Concepts: Mechanism and machine, kinematic pair, link, chain and inversions, Degree of Freedom, four bar mechanism and its inversion in automobile and linkages used in earth moving equipment, Velocity and Acceleration: Solution of simple mechanisms for velocity and acceleration analysis, velocity and acceleration of crank slider crank mechanism used in IC Engines, Cams: Types of cams, Types of followers, Follower displacement programming, Motions of followers like SHM, Uniform velocity and cycloidal motion, Layout of Cam profile for an IC Engine, Gears: Introduction, Classification of Gears, Application of gears in automobile, Gear Terminology, Law of gearing, Involute tooth profile, Path of contact, Arc of contact, Contact ratio, Interference in involute gear, Parallel and crossed helical gear, Gear trains: Simple, compound, reverted and epicyclic gear train, classification of automotive transmission using gear train, gear train Solution by tabular column method only, Torque transmitted by epicyclic gear train, differential gear drive of an automobile, Static and dynamic balancing: Balancing of revolving masses in single plane and different planes, Balancing of in-line IC Engine and V type Engine, Governors: Classification, Characteristics of governors, Porter and Proell governor, Hartnell governor, Centrifugal governors and modern automotive governors Gyroscope: Gyroscopic couple of a spinning disc, Stability of four wheelers and two wheelers while negotiating a turn. Lab: Simulation of different mechanisms used in automobiles. Mini CATIA projects to develop link mechanisms used in steering systems, gear selector, multilink suspension, door lock mechanism, wiper mechanism. Text Books: 1. S.S. Rattan, Theory of machines, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2005. References: 1. J.S. Rao, Theory of machines and mechanisms, New Age International, 2004. 2. H. H. Mabie, Mechanisms and dynamics of machines, John Wiley and sons, 1987. 3. J.E. Shigley, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Mc Graw Hill International, 1985. AU-1333 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING, GD & T LAB [0 0 4 2] Introduction: commands & exercises, Solid Edge, ST Software, Drafting module, Part drawings of the following machine components: Thread forms, Bolts, nuts, connecting rod, stuffing box, steam engine cross head, Plummer block, simple eccentric, non- return valve, screw jack, swivel bearing, c-clamp, drill jig, square tool post, Part module: commands and simple exercises. Three dimensional part drawings of Bearings, couplings, joints, stuffing box. GD & T: Introduction and overview of GD & T , Part feature ,Symbol, screw threads, gear and splines, Basic dimension , Tolerances, size limit boundaries, limit and fits, Datum and plane. References: 1. I. K Zeid, CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi, 1998. B. Tech Automobile Engineering FOURTH SEMESTER 2015-19 EO 1323 ECONOMICS [3 0 0 3] Definition, nature and scope of Economics, Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics, Law of demand and supply, Elasticity of demand and supply, Cardinal and ordinal approaches of Utility. Production: Laws of production, Cost and revenue analysis, Various market situations, Break-even analysis, Capital Budgeting Macro Economics: National Income and it’s Concepts, Value of money and its Changes, Foreign Exchange Rate, Monetary and fiscal Policies and other Macro concepts (Balance of Payment, Business Cycle etc.) Text Book: 1. Peterson H C et.al. , Managerial Economics, Pearson, 9th edition, 2012. References: 1. P L Mehta, Managerial Economics, Sultan Chand & Sons New Delhi (2012 Edition). 2. G. J.Tuesen & H. G. Tuesen, Engineering Economics, PHI, New Delhi (2008 Edition). MA1410 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IV [3 0 0 3] Tensor: Introduction to tensors, Cartesian tensors, Rank of tensor, First, second and higher order tensors, Algebraic operation on tensors, contraction of tensors, Contravariant and convariant vectors and tensors, Theorems based on tensors. Solution of Non-Linear Equations: Bisection, Newton-Raphson, Regula Falsi, Secant methods. System of Simultaneous Linear Equations: Gauss elimination method, Gauss-Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel. Solution of Initial Value Problems: Taylor’s series method, Euler method, modified Euler method, Runge-Kutta 4th order method. Finite Difference Methods: Solution of Laplace and Poisson equations by standard five point formula, solution of heat equations by Crank-Nicolson method, solution of wave equations. Statistics: Correlation, Regression, random variables, probability distributions- Binomial, Poisson and Normal. Text Books: 1. B. S. Grewal, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2006 Reference: 1. Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Wiley India Eastern, 2006. 2. B V Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Tata McGraw Hill Education Privare Limited, New Delhi 2007. 3. Srimanta Pal, Subodh C. Bhunia, “ Engineering Mathematics” Oxford University Press.2015 4. H.K. Das, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” S. Chand, 2015 AU1407 AUTOMOTIVE CHASSIS SYSTEM [3 0 2 4] Load Distribution: Types of load carrying structures, closed, integral, open, flat types, Frames: Types of frames, general form and dimensions, materials, frame stresses, frame sections, cross members, proportions of channel sections, constructional details, loading points, sub frames, testing of frames, effect of brake application of frame stresses, defects, Numerical problems. Chassis layout, power location, types of automobiles, layout of an automobile with reference to power plant, weight distribution, stability, Numerical problems, Brakes: Stopping distance and time, brake efficiency, weight transfer, brake shoe theory, determination of braking torque, classification of brakes, types, construction, function, operation, braking systems ,mechanical, hydraulic, disc, drum, Power brakes, Air brakes, vacuum brakes and electric brakes, Numerical problems, Axles and Steering Systems: Steering systems, Front Axles, Rear axles. Suspension: Types of suspension springs, construction, operation and materials, leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bar, rubber springs, air bellows, pneumatic suspension, hydraulic suspension, telescopic shock absorbers, independent suspension, front wheel independent suspension, rear wheel independent suspension, types, stabilizer, trouble shooting, Numerical problems. Wheels and Tyres. Lab: Study of Light duty Vehicle Chassis Frame. Study and Construction of Front Axle and Rear Axle. Study, Construction, Dismantling and Assembling of Braking System (Disc Brake, Drum Brake, Hydraulic Brake and Compressed air Brake). Study and Construction of Steering linkage along with dismantling and assembling of steering gear box. Study and construction of suspension system (Rigid axle suspension system and Independent suspension system). Text Books: 1. P.M. Heldt, Automotive Chassis, Chilton and Co,1987. References: 1. G.B.S. Narang, Automobile engineering, Khanna Publications, New Delhi, 1982. 2. T.R. Banga and N. Singh, Automobile Engineering, Khanna Publications, 1993. 3. N.K. Giri, Automotive Mechanics, Khanna Publications, New Delhi, 2003. AU1409 AUTOMOTIVE PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS [3 0 2 4] Fundamentals: Definition and properties of fluids, intensity of pressure, variation of pressure in a static fluid, Absolute, Gauge, Atmospheric and Vacuum pressure Manometers, Fluid statics: Hydro static forces and Centre of Pressure on vertical and inclined plane surfaces, hydrostatic applications in braking systems (master cylinders, wheel cylinders, force distribution in brake linings), clutch cylinder, hydrostatic drives used in automobile and earthmoving equipment, Kinematics and Dynamics of fluid flow : Types of fluid flow; laminar flow, turbulent flow applications in engine intake, exhaust systems and torque converters; Continuity equation, one dimensional Euler’s equation of motion, Bernoulli’s energy equation and their application in vehicle dynamics, Fluid flow measurements: Venturi meter, Orifice meter, Pitot tube and Notch, Viscous Flow Reynolds Number, laminar flow through circular pipes & tubes, Hagen Poiseuille’s equation, laminar flow between fixed parallel plates, applications in automotive lubrication systems Flow Through Pipes & Tubes: Minor and Major losses, Darcy and Chezy equation. Fundamentals of Automotive Hydraulic Pneumatic Pumps: gear pumps, rotary pumps, crescent pumps, fuel pumps, oil pumps and coolant pumps etc., (Constructional feature, working principle velocity triangle, governing mechanisms and simple problems), Automotive Hydraulic & Pneumatic Devices:, torque convertors, fluid couplings, Automotive Pneumatic Hydraulic valves: Construction and working of various types of direction control, pressure control, flow control valves, servo valve, proportional valve, accumulator, Hydraulic & Pneumatic circuits: Regeneration, meter in, meter out, bleed off, sequencing, counter balancing, pressure reducing and typical application circuits. Lab: Flow measuring devices: Hydraulic actuators: linear actuators- single acting & double acting cylinder, rotary actuator- Hydraulic motor, Stepper Motor, Hydraulic pumps: gear, vane and piston pump. Hydraulic

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An overview of early civilizations in the history of the world; Early science, H.K. Das, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” S. Chand, 2015. 3. ANSYS APDL, operation modes of ANSYS, Selection logic in ANSYS. John Fenton; Vehicle Body Layouts & analysis, Mechanical Engg. Publication ltd.
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