BSTJ 30: 4. October 1951: Inorganic Replication in Electron Microscopy. (Calbick, C.J.)

16.4 MB·English

Inorganic Roplication in Electron Microscopy
By € J CALC

fe es mbps lime oe

Peace oe tele ntie saeal ‘ith teem:

Ee eee
Ec efig atin RRe aS

anne cea

HE basic puspose af micrograph of srfane bs ea tractor
teprgaphy. Present ay cleo aienaraqes ae trenariionype
uistomeots, Practica Rpitatons af espeziaenta: tehaicue ela 5
tage of the order of SD kv ax the “st ofl accelestrg potent) for
The eeu Fae ilaminaton. tw bright eld tsnemieson meen,
the Image conata of a ald with lal vations of fstrsty produced
Tecate the ject as party aloes we wale the incident rade
iT electing ealaring the plomivane ae, biting
Alect examination to abjests howe mas thickness does aot enc hon
SO'gg/ent* Thicker specimens can be extn unl in pre
‘Optical mismosspy of suteces is coneeracd with their appearaace x
oon by most Ign, the courtepore of hich ie not ponte with
‘Sestrone, The eecron micros hns therefore devieed metns of tans
fering surface stuetral details to thin hms called replies? These los
must jmsent to he elec fa lea seryng thicknee corresponding
forthe sac desks simple Ie fs the plaster? consisting of
syprooistely nia plastic sl stripped fom tie eaface. A second ype

coe oan
inoneae weICRLIDN 14 FEREKAN MeeKaseONY TOD
isthe cle im? praca I tele ition of he mca when ik
isaleminum or she sitsbe met, For ole material, «prewar ell
ihe vurlace in ere aluminum may be utlined ay an intermediate vein
fn tos pores A thin ype Use sea spies? * produced. by
fhe condemn uf ica vaporized ly bat rouse suce, ether athe
surface in 8 one-step, oF on # plate mold of the ssface ie a teste,
fowess a Tourth (ype i she shadow-cast plastic resis» predaced. by
ini deition of autable mela at searguseing incidence upon a
plate rp

The pune this paper iv to divas he poss of evaporated Ga,
Sacra anti ed oper pai mito Th ee
tion a range of contrast avaiable ia the ished mirage determine
the fatfulaes wich whch the original sue & dept, ard depend
fn the relive orientation of the surace, vapor source ard electton beam
Gn the ely and avenge Fickroe of he eplin, wel 4 the mein
Enndenestion tn nc 5 pine ot tat nye mera of stathe
Dysee ars chemical properties may be used fer evaexates replica fs
fndt number of extmples are shown in micmgraphe. rorgeric mpien
fing retain the tied or vertical dimercion,«faneamaental centage which
Doumit stereesopi uy, he mateisl presented ethane prowies uni
Fe ie at repeat, tevishues avd etal for the acalustion of
rrlemgraphe rte nthe fale oF portrsal oc vigil ueace

1. Looin Tans ow Conse Manassa

Figuce 1 lustaes bow the thidaess isthe diection of te electron
Ten septa He leal surf oor. The thks the
ist af the atom source ia constant, depending only on the amount af
rte reaching Ce surfs. The chicheses us to te ot Sone sources
‘ivy say he yectorly ade, and hence aa erbiary aeomBly of
[Since sy 8 rloed By 9 engl sone pnp leet, se eth ln
the sare thine trib the sare Acne gy the
saci produced wher ordinary objects ave tlunisated y diet ght
Tis clear that atoa, source and elton beat ust die in dvction for
slain to oorur The ator of onleeies of sme wate notably sca
tun slioon monoxide, do oot al tick where ehey arke, aut some ender
tee the sueaee? <3 4 “xo dinesional gas" before eotdeasing This

Sf el

ECE AMG He

SA SEM ape a ang, AM
800s heey suse uCunIcA. Jom, ocTORTR 1951

resale in samesat deren stag dition, Te discbations are
Totherat lly Foneasited in pene

1 Skodoee

1 cetin rego the esl ace 0! expels the sotes eeg
in Sabatowy" within whl tc ano, These Hhadows ate Bounded By to
Shee the shaéowecesyg jie en tke stow eee The iape of the
Sado edge depends both on the show protle and vn the toporapiy in
Srevicity owe ase a consequence intepresaton of sda is

Atifculh unless oe ofthe aucyces ie emuot* Wine walle or extend
fours, partn stulows and sty luc to partie “having ocr

1.1? Hoge shad

here mye other wis of te at wl ze expose co the atom
ove, hut not fe the sulaequentiyinclent slexon sam. When the
feslcs fla 2 noted ia the miemeoum, tec regions pear reentrant
Torthe eto ear, his st pase brag Caen ace Hat ve lays
rela. ‘These eins spear gs very Hghtly exbeel eas io mien
‘Cary sud snes they are essentaly“egative shuns” ate stbject to
The sate consleatians of saepe a Itepretation as vsti sms
onoAsie Reriewnioy is nuueta ancmestorY SD)

2. Inmessne Retour or Reonacs Bits
In the vty ofa sharp ehenge fv sorface grate, the hoa ike
fe doos no: eae Poeapls, bot there eben ove a at distance
Asics i Hig 2 Arma ier tir fore ain fr the ainsi al
ton die veo in Azpendic I wea soe dae eusin, Incense
rmeatutian vases val over the snface,depewlent ot the pooner
Felons Ietwoen aioe some, ceetzon beam, ave Jor) sia to

Foxtaiy Oleenolle esisianinender len intreental eatin an
Cottast factors, Excepe at shadow nmin i lay eer koe
tan il bate fis the avenge wae peta ray as pe

soo! times 17 Shadow pres aa le: oe show short Segsis of
ferent sharpness, The resluton cease the pasties af shade way
‘en Lexeaunel ty ote inetrmental resolution, The sens for thie one

hell in te Append

21 ot of Ft Phitneer

‘The sverug iene sickors fy arto dhe epee fe resto
to eae fsa here improve Ure roulaioy, Ce eel eetive method
itm onluce fo Wish: giver mecesah ae a relic lie ade tee,
retails ses, so tha, Sesto in photogeaply a setee chat
fale i = piers expe region rey heft 9m sin nega,
oe tstnes tyre hepa een rue tt beter
Tor Soy electers she pfimnae verge taickness of esc Fes besos
Suave MU gqcem! THe fe -18 bares the rom perp #ickne=e
fo. ram nea sistie HreReAT rouRNAL, OoTOMER 1951

Aiference rie ala or eletro af ay energy. The eal thickness
ihe enen works run faction ot 19 eves] Ces ts average hives
Sela cepbicn of rer optinun Ess proces a arge 3! 20-0 dese
fitetent stad of lest. Alongs for spel urposcs a zeplica Bim
Fhay De nvace thiver 9 isk, abie.dv tye verge CISEDES thon =
{elo iv the ophimum sage, The nalutsn fs Ue determined, te
Eevety, or more pnvals, by iy eeriney eaceing power. Dees the
ease’ inert ane om poe ob element a hghor etme reer iach
srevnore licens sexier, so ting vet] cen t incre rt fae
Thaw dey at ie dierene fe nol waliieat'y geet to isvaldate foe

‘Ser Seer Monoxide

SOBs MERE SN bh

the presant purer te ngusipion tat tae tau ate propariona, The
fsstnge of an aime average mess hice: then ims st
reco af elias easly pono oe doit of the aa
Yate are emp

“Table T presente» sonst of che restions oan wih vations
nates, based om Ue uesumption thatthe eli i 2 As disessel
hose, the i alaut dhe best abwervable renluto, fr Zavorable topo
capt feiuns, The ealion nf plate i is wo asceptible to calla
Shon, uel owbnbly gence thon fsa Te tenons of epee
tive dese fron abet 13 fr icon Za fica to about 28 8 fr ths
erp rasp seals, Mower, fe tioult t precast exceeding it
$1 Gay rcrtlin ees gl, Ally

fins of Lee seine pol
yelmangunin fs axe only sbi thicker, they axe not periulnly
‘call co puees, especialy if S00sne eupporing sen sus

22 Gata

Revolt nae ete by the seL-tage sigan wih elaiates
fn rcrstalisation of mans meta Bag "+ TF te enstelitesan
soar tha the esol, Lees than. i, this eet i not f9 importa,
‘en thogsi the eesalaisy aia be eboctionabe at gh magnification
fiom an este viewpnis. ry pein arse a ery
hon bythe akin mpi Pg 9.

‘A second source! gmmulrity i le & popeteg of pastes when
piste rigs ene stil ier ros Horne lear nace
foe lig, sa Pcatse ther ascent iota rar * te pls sare
svt ranula oe a sca othe sade of LNA, Plate zr i not
‘aero a lies ples hve iain eos i, ba bare
{ety evident ish sacl men nwa Che nara =
Alyce ofthe shaving satel. * The occurence of srarlaity de ©
ths cause in sence Bic of dere mace an indiction of ter ao!
fessusha, Sine tals geanuasity ie teal 2m the plate surice it shows
"erly the saimuch a he nce aom tween i ae
‘eceytalization saws a0 dresonal set

&, bareemestat Oassavamens

salzed pics oF ie process
ein is Gant anata ge asataners xara
Unie pool acum, ce. st onsen poole es er We mr
eran not greater than TD mre of frecany Safe t2 Flm fcr

finn the acer, meh jot! 2 give sic) ard cee
procesing a pears for ekutrs aeopie camacon. Te 2s 32
Expose to ci, eit ray coupe exam, Usaniun aay for ease
bynes or ove corel, and tis belived thas SO time oxidive

$y Mont mello ie goa ectuon lectin pate exams
of te mt alta Us dics mo preclude the possi oF sctace
Ctr since te onde ase evallyemonens ae in ring one

tin ede Iyess wold Be dtl ro deve. Then he He ast be

tron Hyp Pa 3,98 C8),
init teeth trp Sin. of on af
84 rum sey sverm recmsteat oust, ocronLe 1951

‘ted ftom he suze opiate, usually by dissolution ofthe liter, This
ess sujet he lo corse ss, Fal ket be removed
fram the soleer, wooly or place of 20 meth see, rss st ast
fuse, aa ily allowed lost. Hy uot suc that Sas sometines

eshiie craks anal oles Sleranenpie examination of god rece shor
that despite all the prceing viol, ait picture of surfer to
gpl is abtaned es > nue up to fetr mer in se

Te nacue of sin ersaion i inicated By th micrographs of Fi
Sof sen spi of prtiries a am alta cath carbonate, These were

Tispersot on t plastics miaenpe abe, and fon eesti ak
once mkeLcoN wv ebvcraas ateaoacoeY 8

4 = Phe plastic nao Phen “ton enor al pikes
fm 2D-mesh eceen; the pli av patie wene ices isl
leaving the slice eplia./ The micrographs clesty show {a} stadow-edze
sul) film in th shadows, ‘Tho eningevent shone = xno itn
‘which there existe hoe nthe iy a eprom of rump wha
prices by the cfusing cniponen, It eles trom (a Fat apse the
Incident material mst sek where i siren, an frm) that part
si file it the bans rena eae dagen’
istrated in Fig. Thestomeer (aves too sah es i tha
"he il thine doen ites ewe spread Tra the unsaved
teginn dope more or sw abr ys the lysines to Ua dae
svthin the shadow sive Now the sig ee mae Fly on

dese, at ist
te probably
verage mokeate inves below rollins val lianoe. ayes of

gesiom tha aca salon with the sasace

stoking iso, wad of difuing in 2 — 0} a Unt che

Asnstemeter carves the samurai of al
fsxla range of about dy with a euler ide spread uf valu ™ However
"ese ato would tequie he fm 22 be vznihing thin st aistarces
tore than $y stom the stadaw-edge In fice, ap exon hin te
ound a even geste distanres. The preity a atickin spon sli,
and the distance a molecule moves ax farina pa ance
between calisons with there, Uae le seen dep
seh titans ne angle of impingement, energy of oleate, as pertane
the ssture of the stfoce, Tvs ker ally loti probaly covered
‘yrs agen ovate ae 19 1h

1 i i et cir A ef
ERTS FE A
SG ort rrr seTmE TEEASIENE JooRRAL, oetoaER 1

with aisorved gs aml Ter daring he ception is Sey conderse
Slien Files anaase tna subs of opras ade of other matera’s
such oesllvon mame, germs, glia, and eves dromian,
Waether the iaterctatin auld alvays be the same s¢ Jor sien,
hein some eat te diusing component‘ illerent fen te aicing
onpenest, i wagertan,

1 High degien of conte scomrrmby ett oii eel, which
sre suppowely deste 28 neers orsenee. In he wre’ epee
fence, dletoteian ofthe con nase bake ses rar fle
fuk in lies nef grevtes Phar 10" F normal cere, chseateried by

Ny alain the realing repli exis

tre votre ankes step slopes are poset, An expe shown in Fl
Bi kick forse zea he te ae et fae By des a the oo
Pletures of the pai by soyerinnely the stereoscopic a, fs evident.
[Note fet the stovlew fe nine feature the onter af the gain ot
the right is move jmmvueed io tho fetta pice whieh shows the
fetes rst. tle sepia i from she sonlace of a thenitor Make,
Entre ely 3 HES",

igre 6 i fon 2a rplion alow 00 A thick, of portion ofthe
oarn ol Usrnisn lak entered (fm at LITSC: The wie fines
(Of long The sitatoneeuow a minimum separation of shot 250 Ay and
the eiocacter ofthe shading ifcstes that ts ner the imi of rs

Fiona the micngrapih, about 200A Cle T). Higher wesclutons lame?

mf Has ile to aban lets, Uap stustions an the ses
lt oleep slope, o- pets cote une ofestueely chin replies
IORLASIE RKSLE STON WY FETERRON atemoseDeN

“The natural sutaces of sntee Uneist Hace, pepe by hen
in ar shin {10g hur ohn mintare nf HD a Rls, pow, ei
‘ellinel plies sie tile for ction acregeapie sted * Wiles
Slee iy as 115°C yun slrfl ax able ones to eprint
tus af tepleaton, Toy tere moked state suas haste ast
fA al 2509 Uy in Pney were er lca CLS a pli,

films deste she pale walt presses nok gretor PE!
fosly vin 2 3 1-* nae The rier sproee em me sre ie
fal Gabe” 13 rao) ues abe aere ehl brome ea fe
Imimutes the rpc Sli di Ge aa Hom het framy the ent

4 Chelan elie Pe en 4 086
ponte ate we ting tee ee

ee ae sate hh ae ese Tee