BSTJ 30: 3. July 1951: Some Circuit Properties and Applications of n-p-n Transistors. (Wallace, R.L., Jr.; Pietenpol, W.J.)

12 MB·English

‘Some Circuit Properties and Applications
of mfr Transistors

By RL. WALLACE, JR and WJ. PLETENOOL
cf gor Laud etter Sota sles creat petnacate fe ta
So Tale hea, et wma of anicti racial n Ta
Pores RSfyatt dries al ects al

raopucrion

Almost tro yours ago, W. Shorkley# Gt pulitiet the theury of
transistor made from a sng piece of gerarum in shich the condcesvity
type vate in auch way as to prozuce two rectifying jnctions Since tat
fim, 3, Spr, GK. Tel anothers the Bl Teeth Laura
hve contested notably tn the pyc ealition of thd

‘Kocenty Sparks hos potion! «number of ee traitor kas aan
lbs heir ta be ley in acord with Shades chery Preiainary
‘Grit shew om thee devices have shown chat in several eespecta Uhr
teciomance is remarkable. Ta view of this, exe Lansitur developneat
froup bas nderaken to prodace ual: cuantites af wp Lanstts is &
{orm suitable for incorporation ia wanking circuits

‘This paper wll deal peincpaly with the cacult aspects of the mpm
‘ransistr by presenting and anal>ing preformance ditt om small ter
of experimental ait, For ciennn ofthe wok state physics of le esign
Ent eperation the reser i referral the previously mentoned work af
Shockley, sparks, and Teal

uramsuisy Prowse

efor gating nt ino rae of deta, it sins worse to stand
smenton tly the sale fata tient Thy

eatoy iw mote re, Ne of the tite sated 2 er ve
suse gure betwen tO a 0 dbo 0 ces

2, Cpt acm fom re fry, Teint a tpt
imparts sens porte whee he nestor nce gd
Teves rund incre nel eter Ti ort ret dea
«edn m ct Seng se eke spon, hy cose he ape
{rte coven fon coniestle van of input and output
Mryedance

Th pin Lower ein of che fer of to par stage have En
[RORERTIES 4x APPLICATIONS OF mp nRANERORS S31

1. Hower homdlng capacity onl effeny. The design ean reaty be
‘anal a permit Lieve! arin of pomer dsipation up toa least two
‘lls. Furthermore the sate chniclertice are 29 nearly ial thet Case
‘Aetiienie of 18 oF £0 ot ofa pele 50%, em he realized, The eficeae
ey for Clas B aut Chase Crperation sre conrerpondiagy Hh,

5, Reggodeee ond smal oie. Tae geraniam part of the transistor i
fencloeed fmm ee plastic hen about ach in dimater, Inde the bead
thee eomections are mechanialy as wel as electially fastened ty the
{reraninm and are brought out as pigtal trough the bea. This gives 2

(© Bredem jrom microphovc. Vibration tests ia the audio frequency

je nce that thee devices ace rltively fe fom scrote noise
1 Limited jreuoney reponse. Collector expestauce Lait the frequency
response ut full gain to few Kiloyces. Dy using a suitable impedance

ae soar

Fae 17m he eancaby storgacuca oraetinutie eae,”

sisnstch icf pose co malta the Ceaqueney sesponse Eat to at lest
fone mesneyele while sil obtaining & seul sua of yin

X Opeasion sith exetingy aml! por conumpiin, Prag the most
remarkable feaine of these tricsstors fe tei ality to operate with es-
‘eeingly sll power consumption. Te bert example of this to date i an
sulio eter whic reins for power supply only 6 micrcemperes st
(0 yt. This epee 16 erowats of per which contrast sharply
withthe millon of more micomstts requir to heat the cathode of a
cadiey ces hype vac tb

Povstcar Amreamase som Consravertos

Figure | shows schometicaly the cuaparstioa uf an ap» trusts,
‘The small bar of singe eryetal germanium conlaits a thi layer of p.aype
interposeé between regions of weiype: Mecharieally stnng ohmic cones
tions ar mde to tho the ryan inca and Brought oot through &
S02 nu wus overeat euens yormsa, poty 1951

Ins plastc br. Aish taster eu in the photograph of Fig 2

boule Ye ponted out that Hig Tvl draa to scle a that he player
ry be les ia a thon? a ek,
Stine Cuamacransec

A gre des of Ssformasion sonal the low fequeres performanne of a

tunnsnter cvs be sting from wef slate eharcteristies sch 2 she

hewn iy Pg 4. Cures of thiesor oer olsaivel eimply by emaecting a

Tg. D8 beaded en ae

ble current sources tothe iter al elector crits of the trante
Sod mecworing dhe rsultiag volgen The cuests are called. positive
thea they dw eto de enter end isto shown ae the wolage ae
Called este when shay avr the ne Sioaa in Fg 3

Tet frat exanine ‘bese rire ith aa ee to nding oat shat Rind of
voltage and curont susie ove need te is the Isto ac te range
Swen icas amply rah Hs ey, shat part ofthe sects
‘which His within tne nore pert, ge Rae been saci 2 sold nes
Und that prt of the clnraceticsonespending to etl hat been shan
‘ate Tes
PROMNTnES AND ARRICHONS oF wp TeaNSORS SKB

Note frm theupperset of curves ha spose in the operating age
“This means thatthe valle mont be Hise positive wth resect to the

ty
Loy
ool iby

tase. For this purtiewar transstara bias voltae anywhere hefen about
(01 its a 45 ws tle Note alo shat all the carves an His plot
tneesp to egatve emitter cunents. This means Ut the miter must
SM mm meus exszia ronson, yom, uLY 1951

Debised in such way that current fows ol ofthe emitter nto site
forest eupply, Furthermore, the rlleir eueeut corresponding to any
ven enter carvent can be san tobe lost eal in magaicde tothe
Trilter current, Since thee two cuzouts are opposite i sigh tie means
{at moa ofthe curent hich ome int the oleae leaves by ay of tne
tmitter wit the melt thatthe uatet in the ise clu ig very elle

‘Supuse thet the electri eld at conetant poniive veleage as, for
example, by vonectng a battery botween colator and base th rise
former ining in seve, pea), Now its neative crzent is fore int
the emitter hy ltery and resstnce cnectel in ees betwen emitter
fod bose, the coletor corer un be co‘rlld by varying the enter
Carrent oul wll always be approrinalely equl ia magnitude ty Pe emiter
arent. Site collector currents fer this particular io range rom
Aboct 20 mieroampees tosh live millaseperes

"The eva choice of allector cure end lta iio the anges mene
tioned sve wll be dette Largely Uy tae emount of paver output 1e-
uid. The more power ouput muted, the more rarer and vltage wil
(fered fom the per supply. Since the collector eimaiteciency can
rot eweed the thevreGeal Lait of 0% ip Clase A operation, the sig
poner supe’ cannelexceet alte power supplod Dy ehe battery. This
Free dor exe, Chat tte caesar warked a 20 volts end 2 ai
Tenpera the Chas A yomer output esanot eeeed 20 nlizats

‘From the lower plat of Fig, 43 potile wo obtain inform ast
the bias voltage eri forthe eter, Note, Sit hat che entire emister
Slage plot omesiunds toa very smal range of emitter voles ear 220
tod, furthermore, that the par f the characteris cresponiing to the
petting range covers only a few Thosundths of a volt. The means tht
{Phe collect veleage i eld constant ver small ching a eter volt-
tage nl pce fly large ences collector current, or the cobector
Covet i eld eonetant vey sal changes in exter wage wl prov
‘eltively asrnous changes in oll vo'age. This at ee sugeste the
{eof his atsistor ae 2 ses spies beta a ow inpedance source
fd ig inpedance ln. Ta hs appleatin, voltage stepup of tke on
of 1,600 Gases i posse

he vty gest resitvily of te eallector cet enter voltage
nats bower, th ‘ors, aapliers one should uses curren sauce as
rector Hs sappy. Thi ean bo oDlane a a betzony acd a lage
restance in reries Furtheueze, sige the elie ollage i lays aerly
Zoro, the emitter creer ca be elevated in advance by dvng the hat
tery voltoge hy Ee value ofthe eros resist (provided, of core, that
PRnORESIES ASTD APUERATIOGS OF aofen THANALETONS SIS

the supply voltage is lrge compared ep che few bundcedhs of vo dep
erece tae emitter cuit,

‘One cua leo dow some interesting conclusions ftom the state charac
teristics abou ke large sigpl cperation of the tansstor. 1 the laa is
redstiv the igtntanonopecs ois wil cng al hows alg
rei i uch he oo! Tne shorn in cere oof Fig Hs pe
tiewar hal Te sarneanmls fon ey sal ne slann 10D re
Supp that Gre sendy illedir aves nor 20 ys ao 2 ellimperes
forts the ces fro the power susply ie 40 aint, Now woud Une
rermiseible swings of collector voliage and curent. Sco the cllecorchat-
eerste are quite stight end cvealy spaced over a wide range of cut
eat and voltage vale, the ouput signa cam eming neatly down t Zero
collector volts and nes up to zero calectercureat witht dstrtien
"Tae Eni othe howe ed spc the fast thatthe leche ears.
‘eres bnga tobe curved when Vie that boat 0 wl'sy ant the iit
fon the upper eu spose by he fac hat theclertar rata des
Aaop oasetly to ac hn Ty dea i sera. The bene le of eilectve
‘reat in thie eet, abour 50 mukmoampotce nd, ace thie aaoune of
"rent 1000 chm corresponds 00.5 rls his mesa chat the catan-
‘arceus collector voltge is limited to svings between. 815 volts and O11
vite Staring Srna quent vin of vale the ceiele se
Sing ther 193 wll al Tie permis weguive ang 12 al
Reig Fe gist witoge tr MLB os fad eng Leave hl
ine) mates i pie to bain a pe sing of 19.7 woe hich rere
ston 194 clas of sn liver te Uses Th piv re
clue cizeuit elisiony of 485% aul ula poe 3%. Soo easton
‘ake even les coactor cusront hen the emitter exrneat is reto and ence
erit evn higher ecco

"Tasso computatiens of ficiency Lave ell beet. bese ox the assumption
of singed rent upped Yo te emiter, Kt wl Be town i ter 0
Sion that the exitterrestance vies with enter carer, however, 23d
‘hie rans tha: to zal high eency with ew detrton it sneeseenry
‘esive se emitter fom high rspedonc sot,

Omensrion wens Sats, Por, Cansontnitn

For smal sigual apisations the tausetae epeeautad By the Casa
counts of Mg. 4can deiveraseul gain at very uch lower voltages ead
cameos thar thos: tscd in tbs expe akove Ta ordcet2 show th, tar
haracnistes of Fig. 5 bave heen potted for rene of collector voltage
fnteutig upto oly 2 volta and fora rage wallet cuenta cated
S85 nue MULL sae cmeAL eal, JULY ISAT

\ LTT
mona AND APORICATIONS AF mopn TRANSTORE SAT

up to oaly 200 micamperes. It canbe sen fom che upper plot tha tbe
celle: cicuit characteristics ae stk quits usta staight and evealy
paced in this mirospower range. In ect, fox sll signal operation i is
ficient to use calectorvotage only & te Sp excess of Ovals and
collector current a ite in exces of 2 micsangeres, This meas tha the
power sequied to iat the collector into Uke yperting range atcousta to
nly a few microwatss,Contouts ee shows fr 10, 30, and 100 mierowat
ot power sepa

Tri ahity © tho transit to work with extremely small peer con
smprom i ne ofits most stings porte ont imporlany etanee

‘When ave sousgers tat the total power couauustion of «single titer
stage canbe sallerby many chaueands of ties than th poe requ
two bexe the eatzde in a vacuum ‘ube iis ebsius thee the advent of this
device wil ake posite mieny new kins of application,

aurstion nr Taasssson Prooaries wn Oneasnse Poo

ile an ircect have shown Ut iis canvenient to amaze the
smal sigsal properbes of a Lasisuc at lw fequences in terns Use
quialeatctcut of Fig. 6 where r, is cll the emitter rsctace, rie
ill the bse resistance, andr i alld the easter restos, The in
ternal gesertar, fa, ls the active ore ofthe creut and in his respect
covtesponds tothe fanilict wy of Yacuuns tube circu theory. It i tie
Parpose of this ccna to show what valuce tase quentities have for
pactieuar mpre tansistor and t2 stow ow they vagy with the sppled
Pinse, hie wll foro = base for tie aes eesti ha which thos quater
Sst nest compe sagh tings wth gat td oatpat peace
tnd tye fala varios saitor come iene

"Ryle al Kiker have shown that thew four e's san be obtained di
erly from statis characteristics sacl a esos Fie are Fi. 5
Tr the cow of acon turing, himrver, te madores of thes
Aiber are wach that ts dial to lain -asactory secracy in thi wae
fund i fs een tore event tn mtr heer ye mel
Si EL SUSREN|-MREMTEAL JOURNAL, JOE 195

se messuresents hove chrwn thal al of the?’ to sprue
‘nati, indejeaent of elector voltage #0 Log as the colt vole
Teaheve afer tenths ofa vale ad longa the otal disipation i small
coogh to prevent appreciable Beating ofthe transistor.

Tn view uf this Sct i perhaps scent to abow how these quite:
‘ey wth miter curent for « movie ied value of calectorvolage
igure? as tw tat road re ae wery nel equal ad that they tend
lo dovrease a8 7, izes, ‘Theortcally fe aad f boul both he ffi,
“The act hat they reach valnes lw 28 10 mezobans a this case fx meas

" [Rees]
an TT

° \_

i. |
d Tar ab Stee ee a

te ofthe impaction ia technique of aliicatng the tmasso, Vs
[Hh a 60 methine have bea atieved in he laboratory

igure 9 shows lat in tis rant i approximately 20 ors and
fa incepentet a Ty

igure 10 chow that r deer with inezeasig eter caren, raging
for about SOD clue 9 SU miereanperes down to aon. Suits ac 5
milan pene, Skoskey* Exe vow a7 should be given by
a "
a wo
whee qi the cage on an wecteon, & ig Boltean’s constant, J isthe
[Kevin terapecsture and 7, the emitter cureat. When the emperstare
[PLOPERILES AND APPLICATIONS oF aps maNGIsTORS 530

a

bu

be [Noses

2 | “|

ig 2a fe etn an

Sar of he dat indie,

fs abou AU”, his res to
289
T
shore Ty is mencred in millsmperes. Within experineat enor, values of

1 computed from this relation agee pefecly wih the messirel curve
‘Sern in Fig. 10

o