Broadcast Engineering 1991: Vol 34 Index

13 Pages·1991·4.9 MB·English

1991 Annual Editorial Index
For your convenience, the following pages contain a
listing of all editorial columns and features appearing
in the 1991 issues of Broadcast Engineering.
(Project management minimizes effects of Editorial (page 6)
January problems; most effective solution is to be ® Selecting a digital radio standard
prepared to work around trouble.) (The public interest standard guides Amer-
Theme: Broadcasting from the ican communications. That principle
Field Remotes revisited (page 26) should apply to digital radio broadcasting.)
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
Editorial (page 6) Several choices exists for backhaul from a FCC Update (page 8)
¢ A show in transition remote site. Data compression and bit-rate Hearing procedures streamlined; guide-
(90 SMPTE conference suffered from econ- reduction trim transmission circuit costs lines, standard forms, procedures, time
omy, New York and Javits Center; indica- when used through telco services. A multi- limitations resolve comparative hearings.
tions for Toronto in 92 look good.) ple video channel per satellite transponder ¢ Settlement payments limited in compara-
is assessed for reduced costs. A glossary of
tive hearing cases involving applications
FCC Update (page 8) terms is included. for new stations.
¢ FM translator standards tightened. * FCC studies criteria of 3-signal standard to
* Community of license rule clarifications. Communicating with the field (page 48) determine if a cable system is subject to
* FCC proposes children’s TV rules. by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor effective competition.
For coordination between a remote site and
Strictly TV (page 10) the studio, cuing of talent at the remote
*What does my video really look like? location and a program signal path to the Strictly TV (page 10)
(Part 1) studio, options range from a station’s Pro Teaching “non-techies” about color
(Tutorial on video signals, components and subcarrier channel to satellite links. Stan- (Part 2)
their interrelationships and levels.) dard and cellular telephone and 2-way radio (Non-technical view of video basics, burst
offer other links. levels to better understand test signals and
a vectorscope.)
re: Radio (page 12)
© We're legal...(Aren’t we?) Sharing the crowded spectrum (page 62)
(FCC rules on EBS, tower lighting and re- by Richard Rudman, KFWB-AM re: Radio (page 12)
mote-control points should be read and Successful coexistence of radio services re- * Radio recollections
understood. Responsibility and compliance quires cooperation. Microwave service is (Battison reminisces from a crystal wireless
are needed.) the most vulnerable to interference. A nar- set in 1923 to his acceptance of a position
rower bandwidth for transmissions is with KMBC in Kansas City in 1945.)
SBE Update (page 14) needed; transmitter licensing is necessary;
* Suggestions for expansion of Ennes Foun- shielding on receivers may be needed. SBE Update (page 14)
dation board, education and job place ¢ SBE seeks support to change FCC compo-
ment services. Show replay (page 68) sition - one commissioner should be an
¢ Session for women in broadcast engineer- ¢ SBE convention shines in St. Louis engineer.
ing offered. (The ’90 SBE national convention combined FCC proposed adoption of SBE definition
* Certification expanded with arrangement equipment exhibition and technical ses- of “congested area” and minimum stan-
between Defense Department and SBE. sions on enhanced and HDTV, digital audio dards of antenna performance.
¢ SBE Fellowships to Gerry Dalton, Robert broadcasting, radio data systems, Ennes ¢ Help for chapter programs as former trea-
Goza, Joseph Manning. workshop specialized training programs.) surer launches SBE speakers bureau.
* SBE awards for chapters announced at
convention. DBS in the United Kingdom (page 72) Circuits (page 16)
by Brad Dick, editor
¢ Building with microcontrollers (Part 6)
Circuits (page 16) England learns from a year of direct sateilite (Tying memory to a microcontroller, ad-
© Building with microcontrollers (Part 5) broadcasts with D-MAC 27MHz bandwidth dress tracking, data and control lines.)
(Linking external memory, configuring I/O signals from Marcopolo satellite to terres-
ports as memory and system timing at trial user links. Encryption will stifle free use
microcontroller ports.) of services. Troubleshooting (page 18)
¢ Servicing your klystrons (Part 5)
Troubleshooting (page 18) (Vacuum integrity of stored klystrons mea-
* Servicing your klystrons (Part 4) sures standby device serviceability, with
(Power up and shut down procedures for electron gun as a triode ionization gauge.)
klystrons affect correct system operation February
and possible early failure.) Management for Engineers (page 20)
¢ Project management for engineers (Part 5)
Management for Engineers (page 20) Theme: Winning with Digital (Progress reports and a final summary is
* Project management for engineers (Part 4) Technology useful for the future and additional work.)
76 Broadcast Engineering January 1992
1991 Annual Editorial Index
For your convenience, the following pages contain a
listing of all editorial columns and features appearing
in the 1991 issues of Broadcast Engineering.
(Project management minimizes effects of Editorial (page 6)
January problems; most effective solution is to be ® Selecting a digital radio standard
prepared to work around trouble.) (The public interest standard guides Amer-
Theme: Broadcasting from the ican communications. That principle
Field Remotes revisited (page 26) should apply to digital radio broadcasting.)
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
Editorial (page 6) Several choices exists for backhaul from a FCC Update (page 8)
¢ A show in transition remote site. Data compression and bit-rate Hearing procedures streamlined; guide-
(90 SMPTE conference suffered from econ- reduction trim transmission circuit costs lines, standard forms, procedures, time
omy, New York and Javits Center; indica- when used through telco services. A multi- limitations resolve comparative hearings.
tions for Toronto in 92 look good.) ple video channel per satellite transponder ¢ Settlement payments limited in compara-
is assessed for reduced costs. A glossary of
tive hearing cases involving applications
FCC Update (page 8) terms is included. for new stations.
¢ FM translator standards tightened. * FCC studies criteria of 3-signal standard to
* Community of license rule clarifications. Communicating with the field (page 48) determine if a cable system is subject to
* FCC proposes children’s TV rules. by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor effective competition.
For coordination between a remote site and
Strictly TV (page 10) the studio, cuing of talent at the remote
*What does my video really look like? location and a program signal path to the Strictly TV (page 10)
(Part 1) studio, options range from a station’s Pro Teaching “non-techies” about color
(Tutorial on video signals, components and subcarrier channel to satellite links. Stan- (Part 2)
their interrelationships and levels.) dard and cellular telephone and 2-way radio (Non-technical view of video basics, burst
offer other links. levels to better understand test signals and
a vectorscope.)
re: Radio (page 12)
© We're legal...(Aren’t we?) Sharing the crowded spectrum (page 62)
(FCC rules on EBS, tower lighting and re- by Richard Rudman, KFWB-AM re: Radio (page 12)
mote-control points should be read and Successful coexistence of radio services re- * Radio recollections
understood. Responsibility and compliance quires cooperation. Microwave service is (Battison reminisces from a crystal wireless
are needed.) the most vulnerable to interference. A nar- set in 1923 to his acceptance of a position
rower bandwidth for transmissions is with KMBC in Kansas City in 1945.)
SBE Update (page 14) needed; transmitter licensing is necessary;
* Suggestions for expansion of Ennes Foun- shielding on receivers may be needed. SBE Update (page 14)
dation board, education and job place ¢ SBE seeks support to change FCC compo-
ment services. Show replay (page 68) sition - one commissioner should be an
¢ Session for women in broadcast engineer- ¢ SBE convention shines in St. Louis engineer.
ing offered. (The ’90 SBE national convention combined FCC proposed adoption of SBE definition
* Certification expanded with arrangement equipment exhibition and technical ses- of “congested area” and minimum stan-
between Defense Department and SBE. sions on enhanced and HDTV, digital audio dards of antenna performance.
¢ SBE Fellowships to Gerry Dalton, Robert broadcasting, radio data systems, Ennes ¢ Help for chapter programs as former trea-
Goza, Joseph Manning. workshop specialized training programs.) surer launches SBE speakers bureau.
* SBE awards for chapters announced at
convention. DBS in the United Kingdom (page 72) Circuits (page 16)
by Brad Dick, editor
¢ Building with microcontrollers (Part 6)
Circuits (page 16) England learns from a year of direct sateilite (Tying memory to a microcontroller, ad-
© Building with microcontrollers (Part 5) broadcasts with D-MAC 27MHz bandwidth dress tracking, data and control lines.)
(Linking external memory, configuring I/O signals from Marcopolo satellite to terres-
ports as memory and system timing at trial user links. Encryption will stifle free use
microcontroller ports.) of services. Troubleshooting (page 18)
¢ Servicing your klystrons (Part 5)
Troubleshooting (page 18) (Vacuum integrity of stored klystrons mea-
* Servicing your klystrons (Part 4) sures standby device serviceability, with
(Power up and shut down procedures for electron gun as a triode ionization gauge.)
klystrons affect correct system operation February
and possible early failure.) Management for Engineers (page 20)
¢ Project management for engineers (Part 5)
Management for Engineers (page 20) Theme: Winning with Digital (Progress reports and a final summary is
* Project management for engineers (Part 4) Technology useful for the future and additional work.)
76 Broadcast Engineering January 1992
Using computer-based effects systems * Johnson Space Center tours offered dur-
(page 26) March ing convention.
by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor * SBE board to meet in Houston.
Graphics and effects provide extensive ca- Theme: Facility Design & NAB * Board vacancies filled: Terry Baun (Crite-
pabilities to manipulate images, if attention Pre-show Information rion Broadcast Services, Milwaukee) to
is paid to scan rates. Massive memory, VGA
finish 1-year term, Marvin Born (WBNS)
video cards and scan conversion or timing Editorial (page 6) fills unexpired 2-year term.
place limits on PCs. * Vegas: home, sweet home * New SBE chapters: Knoxville, TN; south-
(Returning to Las Vegas creates a superfi- ern Idaho; and Manila, Philippines.
Radio frequency radiation, Part 1 cial gloss on NAB attendees, but the * Broadcast Engineering conference note:
by( pDaogne L4.8 )M arkley, P.E. industry’s future concerns everyone. suggested topics for papers.
ANSI C95.1-1982 limits exposure to non-ion- FCC Update (page 8)
izing radiation. A study of Sears Tower (Chi- *FCC liberalizes time leasing policies; Circuits (page 16)
cago) installation (five TV and six FM and leased stations required to maintain con- * Building with microcontrollers (Part 7)
microwave from 950MHz to 23GHz) found trol over programming and an indepen- (Using EPROM with a Z-8 microcontroller.)
no location accessible to personnel during dent operating staff. Antitrust ruies must
normal operation with a level greater than be observed. Troubleshooting (page 18)
20% of the ANSI limitation. * Field Operations Bureau fines daytime AM * DAT maintenance (Part 1)
for operating beyond authorized sign-off (Problems with DAT units suggest test
Radio frequency radiation, Part 2 time and other rule infringements. equipment needs simitlo athros e for VCRs.)
(page 66)
by Tim McCartney Strictly TV (page 10)
OST 65 (1985 FCC document accepting ANSI * Good video from start to finish (Part 3) Management for Engineers (page 20)
non-ionizing radiation standard) and subse- (Waveform, vector monitors show techni- * How do you rate?
quent FCC rules require transmitting facili- cal aspects of video, allow video operators (The manager-employee relationship needs
ties to comply with radiation limitations. to keep the output at unity gain.) feedback in both directions, to keep both
Stations, including multiple transmitter in- aware of their performance. General man-
stallations, must maintain compliance or re: Radio (page 12) ager-chief engineer situation applies to
risk the loss of their license. * An adventure in tower detuning (Part 1) chief engineer-technician case.)
(Expanded a 2-tower antenna LPTV, AM site
A look at high-performance recording with FM antenna on a taller tower used a News Special Report (page 22)
formats (page 54) third tower for the FM, LPTV antennas, but * DRB (digital radio broadcasting) initiated
by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor poses pattern problems for the AM.) in Japan (1990) from a geostationary sat-
An overview of recording technologies con- ellite; service offers “ambient” channels
siders D-1, D-2, D-X, S-VHS and Hi-band 8mm; SBE Update (page 14) for background uses.
advantages and disadvantages of each. * SBE increases certification fees. * FTC tells FCC to auction DRB frequencies.
* Call for papers for 1991 convention. NAB and others suggest DRB should be
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Circle (36) on Reply Card
January 1992 Broadcast Engineering 77
treated as replacement service and han- ing, now exist in home entertainment sys- (A new tower near an AM array may result
died as AM and FM grants. tems. Broadcasters must use these technol- in changes to the AM pattern; the reverse-
* NAB moves to license Eureka 147; exclu- ogies to remain in competition. folded monopole concept can detune the
sive North American license agreement new structure and reduce the effects.)
with European consortium for Eureka Cable considerations for broadcast
147/DAB digital radio broadcasting. wiring (page 110) SBE Update (page 14)
* Copyright Office hears DRB comments; is- by Benjamin L. Nemser, Nemal Electronics * Definition of frequency congestion uses
sues involve home taping, artist royalties. Interconnecting equipment requires differ- 4-level exemption scheme with existing
© Skip Pizzi to assume chair post of CDRB ent types of cable, per the National Electric standard metropolitan statistical areas.
(Committee for Digital Radio Broadcast- Code. Non-compliance with NEC codes can * Membership renewal forms mailed.
ing); joins with SBE for forum for DRB result in fines, based upon safety consider-
tiisosnu esi.s suIendv itbayt iEoInAs afnodr NCRDSRCB. representa- adUitnaidneo rnwsSr tiatnoedfra ’rsde sle LcaAtbsrosirocacatiloa rtiieaosnn d ((UCLfS)iA r)ea ndacr oeC daetnseas.-t C* iBrucuiiltdsi ng( pwaigteh 1m6i)c rocontrollers (Part 8)
* Gannett Radio introduces “in-band” DRB facilities to establish standards for product (Serial links talk to the microcontroller.)
system called “coded polyvector digital
compliance.
modulation” (CPVDM); CBS participates
Troubleshooting (page 18)
in “Project Acorn.” MUSICAM coding algo-
Revising the FM band rules (page 118) ¢ DAT maintenance (Part 2)
rithm employed in the project.
by Robert D. Greenberg, FCC (Maintenance for DAT machines means an
February 90 policy changes to speed licens- array of equipment besides that used with
NAB engineering conference preview
ing approvals affect processing of commer- analog decks; greater precision needed in
(page 26) cial FM CP applications. One change relaxes measurement.)
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
“hard-look” processing rules the commis-
The industry meets in Las Vegas for '91 NAB
Convention and 45th annual Broadcast En- sion has used. Management for Engineers (page 20)
gineering Conference and special HDTV * Learning to say no
World exhibit, including NHK Technology NAB ’91 Equipment Exhibitors (page 149) (A ‘yes’ response often should have been
Open House; digital radio demonstration of New at NAB (page 191) ‘no.’ The result increases stress and other
Eureka 147/DAB; conference papers. by Carl Bentz, special projects editor characteristics more harmful than having
Manufacturers attending and new product said ‘no’.)
introductions at the 91 NAB exhibition.
Applying ergonomics to studio design
Purchasing automation: a manager’s
(page 40)
by Dr. Walter Black, Video Design Pro Field report (page 232) guide (page 26)
Productivity measures the facility design, * Bryston BP-1 pre-amplifier by Steve Walker, Broadcast Automation
the interface between man and machine, Do not contract for an automation system
and comforts provided to workers. Designs Field report (page 236) unless automation makes economic sense.
for function may impact physiological and * Rohde & Schwarz model EMFT precision The role of automation varies in every situ-
psychological concerns of employees. De- TV demodulator ation. The decision to automate must an-
signing can be simplified with CAD software. swer more than financial analyses.
Field report (page 239) Guidelines to analyze needs are suggested.
High-end control rooms (page 56) ¢ Ampex AVC Century production switcher
by John Storyk, Walters-Storyk Design Implementing PC-based automation
Group (page 32)
An audio control room environment in- by Michael Rich, Media Computing
volves time, energy and frequency (TEF) April PCs using -286, -386SX microprocessors are
domains. TEF standards define aspects of effective automation control units. Most use
the room, architecture, but equipment and Theme: Automation Special RS-232, RS-422 (SMPTE) or TTLcommunica- #
people alter the design. The monitor system Report tions. Interface cards in the PC, associated
anc placement of its components must co- with appropriate software packages, in-
ordinate with the other aspects. Editorial (page 6) clude LAN systems.
* Buggy whip technology
Taking advantage of digital video (The complexity of FM modulation level Trends in newsroom automation
(page 74) measurements has been resolved by leav- (page 48)
by Alan J. Wechsler, Vidcom Post ing methods pretty much as they were, even by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
D-2 replacement for type C has surprises if they prove inadequate.) The tasks of newsroom automation have
because of the comparatively forgiving na- not changed, but methods to achieve them
ture of analog contrasted with strictness of FCC Update (page 8) have. New applications using PCs to direct
digital signals. Integrating digital video * FCC opens OFS spectra to wireless cable. machine controllers results in a broader
equipment into existing systems requires range of userst o pursue station automation.
* Effective date deferred for reform in com-
careful thought and some costs.
parative hearings, fees announced in De- RoboCam 2 (page 54)
Building a sports cable network (page 84) cember ‘90; outcome dependent on by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
by Bob Billeci, Prime Ticket appeals filed with the commission. Robotic camera control moves into the pro-
Cable network facilities have concerns sim- * Strict adherence to FCC tower painting duction studio. Many applications benefit }
ilar to production and broadcast plants, in- and lighting regulations avoids fine as- from repeatability of the electromechanical
cluding video/audio functionality and sessments. system when fixed shots are repeated. Por-
acoustical characteristics. Reliable service *FM translator rules revised; freeze on table field units exist with reduced costs.
demands backup power for technical equip- translators, commercial FM modifications
ment and computers coordinating func- effective until May 1; amendments updat- Automation station libraries: a systems
tions of the plant. ing pending applications up to the new approach (page 60)
rules to be made by July 1. by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor
New competition for your audience An automation library system must balance
(page 96) Strictly TV (page 10) cost, technical and operational issues. Con-
by Michael Leader, Leader Sound * Keeping hard disks up and running. sider media, robotics, types of transports,
Technologies (Time, temperature, general wear of hard control hardware and electronics, commu- }
Attention once given to television and radio disks can cause system failure. Non-de- nications for report generation and diagnos-
is fragmented by other alternatives. Cable, structive low-level formatting may alleviate tics, user interface and off-line archive
videotape, laser disc and satellite services problems.) storage.
compete with CDs and R-DAT. Technolo-
gies, posed as improvements for broadcast- re: Radio (page 12) Weather radar update (page 74)
© An adventure in tower detuning (Part 2) by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor
78 Broadcast Engineering January 1992
National Weather Service updates radar
and data services with Doppler radar, envi-
ronmental condition sampling at more fre-
quency intervals, atmospheric soundings
and high-frequency satellite-sensed imaging
processed by a super computer and distrib- THE
uted to subscribers over private networks.
RUGGEDNESS
Engineering profit centers (page 84)
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
Increasing income, reducing expense in-
OF OUR CD PLAYERS
creases productivity. Before implementing
cost cutting, look at possible damage
caused by cut backs. Replacement technol- ISN'T A
ogies and automation of repetitive pro-
cesses with assets provided by the existing
staff and new ventures into peripheral areas RETROFIT.
can increase revenue.
From the get-go, we designed our Industrial
Strength CD players to stand up to the kind of heavy-
May duty use that typical consumer CD players can't handle.
That's why every TASCAM CD player is rack-
RF transmission systems update mountable. And why both the CD-301 and CD-401
feature balanced XLR and unbalanced RCA outputs
Editorial (page 6) for added flexibility.
e Vegas: still our place in the sun
(Not everyone considers Las Vegas the ideal The economy-minded CD-301 ($549% including
site for the NAB convention, but logistics hardwired remote) offers the high reliability required for
make Vegas venue better than others tried heavy-use applications, plus precision playback capa-
in recent years.) bility. The CD-301 also features a single-play function
to automatically stop playback at the end of a song,
FCC Update (page 8)
¢ Rules on “time leasing” includes leasing allowing DJs to concentrate on voice-overs or to make
contracts; consider different time dura- a Clean start for the next track. And a link function
tion leases, authority vested in leased sta- to permit hookup of multiple CD-301s for automatic
tion employees and management. back-and-forth sequential play.
¢ Potential problems of time leasing: re-
The high-performance CD-401
sponsiveness to community of license; ad-
herence to. political broadcast ($799*) incorporates TASCAM's
regulations; failure by the licensee to ex- award-winning ZD circuit to elimi-
hibit control over the facility. nate low level distortion and a:
e “Pioneer preference” applies to preferen- ensure sound quality that meets #2
tial treatment in requests for spectrum
the most demanding standards.
allocation changes for development of
new services and technologies. The CD-401's fader-start feature allows play to start
automatically on fade-in and stop at the completion of
Strictly TV (page 10) a fade-out. The CD-401 is available with optional hard-
e SuperNTSC unveiled in San Francisco wired or wireless remote.
(4-day demo of improved TV technology by
For more information, call or write TASCAM, the
KPIX-TV, KGO-TV, Bay Area Viacom Cablevi-
sion using Faroudja SuperNTSC received company whose Industrial Strength product line also
positive marks from observers.) includes cassette decks and mixers.
re: Radio (page 12)
e Applying vectors (Part 1)
(The concept of vectors explains many AC
and RF circuit basics and effects.) TASCAM.
SBE Update (page 14)
e Emergency antennas get new FCC regula-
tions; public health, non-ionizing radia-
tion are key concerns; emergency and
temporary facilities to perform according
to environmental protective rules; RFR
analyses needed before rigging emer-
gency antennas.
© SBE to meet with AMITRA, Mexican broad-
cast engineering organization, Puerto
Vallarta, Mexico, August 7-9.
Circuits (page 16)
* Building with microcontrollers (Part 9)
(Operation and applications for UART uni-
versal asynchronous receiver-transmitters
with microcontrollers.)
Troubleshooting (page 18) ©1991 TEAC America, inc., 7733 Telegraph Road, Montebello, CA 90640. 213/726-0303. *Suggested retail price
® DAT maintenance (Part 3)
Circle (37) on Reply Card
January 1992 Broadcast Engineering 79
(The movement of media through the tape FCC update (page 8) wishes of consumers when designing new
path is a critical factor in DAT performance; Children’s TV standards adopted for services and hardware.
mechanical complexities, rotary head drum broadcast, cable; limit on advertising on
replacement are examined. children’s programming; compliance as- The Pick Hits of NAB ’91 (page 36)
sessed for renewals; public inspection file by Rick Lehtinen and Skip Pizzi, technical
Management for Engineers (page 20) to summarize efforts toward children. editors
* Time management (Part 1) * FCC relaxes financial interest, syndication Radio Pick Hits: Belar Wizard FM modulation
(Doing more, faster, with less are attributes rules; defines range of aspects on rights of monitor; Broadcast Electronics CORE 200
of the art of time management, how to make ownership, syndication, relationships be- automation controller; Eventide VR2400
effective use of your time.) tween networks and co-producers and DAT logger; Harris PT10FM transmitter with
handling of in-house productions. Digital 50 FM exciter; Moseley DSP 6000 dig-
Directional antenna system evaluation ital STL system; Northeastern Communica-
(page 26) Strictly TV (page 10) tions Products DRYGEN transmission line
by Thomas Gary Osenkowsky, consultant * High-definition audio coming to TV dryer; Orban Optimod-FM 8200 audio pro-
The effectiveness of a directional array can (Part 1) cessor; Pacific Recorders & Engineering
be determined by analyzing its performance (Improved audio will bring digital audio to Productionmixer; Potomac Instruments
and making adjustments in areas where im- TV receivers when they include digital de- 1901 digital AM antenna monitor; Shure
provements are needed. Knowledge of basic coders; ISDN (Switched-56) service could FP410 automatic mic mixer.
formulas and current system operation is bring high-quality audio now.) TV Pick Hits: Abekas A51 digital effects sys-
needed before trying to restore a wayward tem; Avid Technology 200 series Media
AM DA to its original condition and pattern. re: Radio (page 12) Composer; Digital F/X Video F/X system;
PC software can predict signal coverage. ¢ Applying vectors (Part 2) Magni Monitor; Odetics TSC90 cartridge ma-
(Vector addition permits signal amplitude, chine; Panasonic AJ-D350 1/2-inch digital
Decibels vs. meters: pricing antenna phase in calculations to determine voltages, VTR; Tektronix 1730 D waveform monitor;
performance (page 46) currents in resonant circuits.) VGV DX-120 composite digital switcher;
by Jack Herbert, Andrew Videotek TV1710 waveform monitor and
An earth station antenna, selected on size SBE Update (page 14) Wheeler-Rex Handy Bundler tie-wrap unit.
alone, may not perform as expected. Assess- ¢ SBE activates job line for members; situa-
ment should include figure of merit, antenna tions wanted are not included. The Gulf War: Special Report (page 50)
pattern analyses. Investigation of different * Best Chapter nominees accepted for 1991; Broadcast Technology in the midst of war
antennas and related equipment could lead categories include Newsletter, Newsletter by Peter Hammar, Hammar
to a smaller size system, with reduced cost, Editor, New Member Growth, Frequency Communications
upkeep, increased performance. Coordination Effort, Technical Article or Aug. 2, 1990, launched an invasion of Kuwait
Paper and Regional Conference. and the most extensive electronic and sat-
Solid-state vs. tubes in TV transmitters * Contract engineering dilemma examined; ellite news-gathering project the world has
(page 66) training program in development for engi- ever seen. Military and media found parallel
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor; Martha neers, displaced from jobs in stations, to experiences in preparations, learning to
Rapp, Harris Allied Broadcast; Guy Clerc better understand the field of contract en- exist and problems of maintenance in a des-
and William House, Thomson Tubes gineering. ert environment. Establishing communica-
Electroniques tion links brought satellite technology into
Which is the better technology for modern Circuits (page 16) full play, while camcorders fought battles of
TV transmitters -— tubes or transistors? ¢ Building with microcontrollers (Part 10) incompatibilities.
Solid-state devices are used in nearly every (UARTs, framing errors in data transmis-
aspect of electronics, but places exist where sions and error detection are described.) Show of Shows: New from NAB ’91
tubes find waiting sockets. Side-by-side (page 78)
comments on high-power amplification for Troubleshooting (page 18) by Carl Bentz, special projects editor
TV examine both sides of the question. © DAT maintenance (Part 4) Over 1,577 new and enhanced products and
(Adjustments of DAT systems include track- services for the video and audio production
Using Loran-C for field measurements ing voltage, head drum phase generator, and the broadcast industry were intro-
(page 84) auto track-finding, VCO free-run adjust- duced at NAB ’91.
by Roald Steen, instructor ment, RF record level and playback EQ, A/D-
LOng RAnge Navigation (LORAN) enables D/A offsets and balances.)
an exact determination of location. Chains
of master and secondary transmitting loca- Management for Engineers (page 20)
tions allow triangulation, based on propaga- * Time management (Part 2) July
tion delays of 100kHz signals from several (Paperwork is a major project for many
transmitting sites. A “global positioning sys- managers; an organized system to handle Theme: Audio Technology
tem” will use satellites and provide 3-D data papers and records helps.) Update
in location finding.
NAB ’91 in review (page 26)
CCDs vs. camera tubes: a comparison by Skip Pizzi, technical editor Editorial (page 6)
(page 90) Transitions at NAB came as new develop- * Montreux - Trés Bien
by Roald Steen, instructor ments in audio, including DAT applications, (New 3-D graphics and titling products, 16:9
CCD cameras quickly supplanted many of digital FM audio from source through STLto 625-line PAL transmissions and three pro-
the established design tube-type cameras. transmitter, recordable CDs, data compres- posed digital video recording formats
As the contest continues, CCD technology is sion, signal processing, test/measurement brought excitement to Montreux ITS.)
gaining. and integrated automation and processing.
TV seeks wideband systems for high-defini- FCC Update (page 8)
tion, high-efficiency transmission, stereo * FCC studies multiple station ownership;
audio, digital video and effects, integrated possible changes for 12 AM/12 FM rule;
June automation, interactive TV and more uses revision of contour overlap and duopoly
for PCs. rules; policy to encourage joint ventures
Theme: NAB convention replay Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) high- between competing stations; raising of mi-
lighted European Eureka 147 and US Acorn nority ownership limitations.
Editorial (page 6) DAB venture, while HDTV World '91 pre- * FCC amends settlement cap rules; elimi-
* Missouri showmanship sented the NHK Technology Exhibit, a mu- nates settlement payments after a hearing
(Can FCC chairman Sikes, deregulation, ef- seum-of-the-future of DBS, 3-D HDTV and begins.
fective competition and reassignment of other demos of high technology. * New hearing procedures clarify rules
spectrum co-exist with v:deo delivery ser- Ray Dolby comment should be heeded by streamline the comparative process; clar-
vices via the phone companies?) the industry - consider the needs and ifications on fees, the Ruarch policy, dis-
80 Broadcast Engineering January 1992
covery/integration statements, policing
comparative grants, pioneer preference.
Strictly TV (page 10)
High-definition audio coming to TV
(Part 2)
(ISDN, two 64kbyte digital signals, message
channel and data compression can bring
digital audio to TV; compression involves
frequency, temporal masking of sound that
would be unheard.)
re: Radio (page i2)
e Applying vectors (Part 3)
(Vector arithmetic calculations in parallel
resonant circuits.)
SBE Update (page 14)
* Office nominees: Richard Farquhar, presi-
dent; Jerry Whitaker, vice president; Bill
Hineman, secretary; Robert Goza, trea-
surer.
* Candidates to sign an agreement to fulfill
the requirement of the society to the best
of their ability; candidates are reminded
to realize that office holders face a good
deal of work as well as some financial and
personal responsibilities.
*Convention sites approved; 1992, San
Jose, CA; 1993, Richmond, VA.
* Congressman Ritter, to speak at SBE con-
vention, is only member of Congress with
doctoral degree in engineering. :
: 2 : CANADA: OUTSIDE NO. AMERICA:
* Ennes Foundation donation from Intertec Rohde & Schwarz Rohde &S chwarz Headquarters
for educational programs. Kanata Omari K2K 1X7 MMuuhnicdohretnst r.80 . 15G,e rW m-a8n0y0 0
Telephone: (€13) 592-8000 Telephone [phone]
Circuits (page 16) aivisek scribe INC.
* Building with microcontrollers (Part 11)
(Z-8 microcontroller as remote control ele- 4425 Nichole Drive, Laham, MD 20706—Te!: [phone]
ment for a U-matic VTR, linked by RS-232.) Circle (41) on Reply Card
Troubleshooting (page 18)
¢ DAT maintenance (Part 5)
(Dropouts, noise spikes signal that head
cleaning is needed; elapsed time meter is a
useful component; keeping a tape fully
wound to one reel and keeping transport
guides clean avoid damage to DAT tape.)
Management for Engineers (page 20)
¢ Time management (Part 3)
(Protect your time and help accomplish
your required duties; learn how time es-
capes; the problems of interruptions may
require that you close the door to other
events, but without offending.)
Digital radio: the first five years (page 26)
by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
Digital radio began in Boston in 1986; Eureka
147/DAB was first demonstrated in Septem-
ber 1988; today, eight designs await a deci-
sion on digital radio transmissions in the
U.S. Questions involve economic policies,
spectrum usage and data reduction meth-
ods. The article compares eight formats.
(Related information: “Evaluating data-com-
pression artifacts.”)
Testing digital audio devices (page 38)
by Richard C. Cabot, Audio Precision
Analog equipment tests digital devices that
use analog inputs and outputs, unless the
device malfunctions internally. Methods to
isolate faulty circuits and descriptions of
responses expected when various sections
of the device operate improperly are given.
Technicians should understand analog and
digital measurement techniques and realize
their appropriate applications.
Circle (42) on Reply Card
January 1992 Broadcast Engineering 81
Digital audio processing (page 46) (An AM tower for mounting an LPTV an- Applied Technology (page 68)
by Robert Orban, Orban/AKG Acoustics tenna poses problems unless the AM tower *D-3: The 42-inch digital format, 8-14 code
Digital processing has advantages unattain- is grounded and shunt-fed.) modulation and track layouts are de-
able by analog methods, but exhibits disad- scribed.
vantages, involving A/D conversion steps or SBE Update (page 14)
loss of bits. Digital equalizers represent a * SBE working to save 2GHz auxiliary band,
source of non-ideal results from processing. after the FCC requests SBE frequency co-
ordinators to determine where existing September
Digital audio signal distribution (page 54) 2GHz services could be relocated, if the
by David Bytheway, BTS band was reallocated. SBE opposes reallo-
Distribution of digital audio signals offers cation, declines willing cooperation. Theme: Audio-Video Control
new problems for audio technicians. A re- * Members survey learns more about those Systems
view of the AES/EBU standard examines dif- who serve as independent contract engi-
ficulties in a plant-wide digital audio neers for multiple stations; an educational Editorial (page 6)
distribution system. program to assist those members is under * Never mind that the sky is falling
development. (Problems, ignored or unrealized, do not
Preparing for disaster (page 62)
* Ennes workshops planned for convention; solve themselves. Inexperienced and part-
by Martin Sacks, WGAY-FM/WWRC-AM
techniques and newsroom automation; time technicians cannot give the level of
Planning for disaster is almost as unpleas-
other subject areas to be featured are RF maintenance of a full-time technical staff.)
ant as the disaster, but paybacks are well
transmission systems, RF circuit theory,
worth working for. Finding contingencies
before a major fire blazed through his facil- video measurements, digital broadcasting FCC Update (page 8)
ity, the author offers steps for disaster pre- and engineering management. * Signal leakage on aeronautics band forces
paredness. (Related material: problems of Kansas cable system shutdown; operation
tower safety and operation with standby Circuits (page 17) resumed after repairs comply with FCC
generators.) * Building with microcontrollers (Part 12) standards.
(Electrical interface between the micro- *FCC studies efficacy of TV rules, pending
controller and remote-control connector re- changes in technology, competition in the
quires protection against electrostatic video marketplace, direct revenue sup-
discharge and spurious radiation.) port for some providers and increasing
August
availability of national programming
Troubleshooting (page 18) sources.
Theme: Video Technology Update ® DAT maintenance (Part 6) * Digital voice encryption permitted in RPU
(The head assembly of DAT machines will service using FIE FM and GIE PM ITU
Editorial (page 6) require replacement approximately every emission types; nominal occupied
* It’s already good enough 1,000 hours; other replacement items in- bandwidth to be 20kHz.
(A Montreux announcement of three new clude pinch roller, capstan assembly, reel * Main studio, time-brokerage abuses gets
videotape formats met mixed opinion. Costs table assembly, brake bands or pads and fine for West Virginia FM station; meaning-
involved and questions in the timing of the guide assemblies.) ful management, staff presence require
announcement prompt a review of current ment and other violations noted.
delivery systems and receivers. Will view-
Management for Engineers (page 20)
ers pay for something they can’t see?)
* Time management (Part 4) Strictly TV (page 10)
(Procrastination is inefficient; do the task * Using D-2’s enhanced functions
FCC Update (page 8)
when you think of it; tackle the project you (Preread editing, compositing and graphics
* Main studio rule tightened; requirement
don’t want to do now; get organized; sched- features on D-2 VTRs reduce time required
for one full-time manager, one full-time
ule an anti-procrastination time.) for some productions.)
staff person at the main studio during nor-
mal business hours.
Comparing the options in HDTV (page 26) re: Radio (page 12)
* FCC redefines “effective competition” for by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor * Detuned at last
cable for regulating basic cable service HDTV is a technological puzzle. Should it be (A saga of tower tuning (March and April)
rates by local franchising authorities. analog or digital? What is needed to put ended with a detuning skirt and detuning
* FCC modifies TV “satellite” standards, full- HDTV on the air at the local affiliate level? box. When practical parameters were found
power stations rebroadcasting all or part The article describes systems and options for tower currents and phases, a partial
of the programming of the parent station; being examined in the United States. proof on the antenna pattern permitted a
case-by-case considerations involve pub-
return to direct measurement of power.)
lic interest criteria: no city-grade overlap Integrating HDTV into NTSC (page 38)
between parent and satellite; provision to by Mike Overton, Tektronix
otherwise unserved areas; no alternative HDTV will arrive gradually at the local level, SBE Update (page 14)
operator ready/able to construct/pur- first from network feeds. Down-conversion *Election time with position statements
chase and operate the satellite station. and up-conversion will offer advantages and given for eight director candidates; Ter-
rance Baun, Michael A. Fast, Paul
* FCC studies EBS toward a goal of imple- extend the time before major investments
Montoya, Troy Pennington, Robert
menting a system of receivers activated to the new technology will be required. A
Reymnot, Ed Roos, Frederick Baumgart-
only for emergencies of a certain type or large degree of signal instability exists with
ner, Keith Kinter.
in a certain area. HDTV, compared to NTSC.
Strictly TV (page 10) Converting PC video to NTSC (page 46) Circuits (page 16)
* Clip those peaks by Paul McGoldrick, Magni Systems ¢ An in-depth look at analog ATR circuits
(Transmitted pictures are degraded if peak A PC video source requires correct timing (Part 1)
white exceeds 100 IRE units [12.5% of full of the signal from the computer environ- (Recording bias current circuit.)
carrier]. Hot spots, high-frequency over- ment to that of RS-170A, CCIR 601, RP-125 or
shoots from enhancement are sources of other standards. Troubleshooting (page 18)
image degradation and cause excessive con- * Optimizing 2-track analog ATRs (Part 1)
trasts with loss of detail in dark areas.) Digitai audio workstations diversify (Correctly operating bias circuits are criti-
(page 56) cal to recording performance.)
re: Radio (page 12) by Skip Pizzi, technical editor
* The case of the drifting DA The digital audio workstation (DAW) mar- Management for Engineers (page 20)
(An errant array exhibited a current phase ketplace has grown into a diverging array of * Time management (Part 5)
shift following a time lapse after power was equipment. The most common trait is the (Procrastination and avoidance are habits
applied. Apparent cause was swampy soil of hard disk random access technology with that must be overcome to effectively man-
the array site.) software, allowing non-destructive editing. age your time.)
82 Broadcast Engineering January 1992
Advantages of 3-stage switcher design Editorial (page 6) re: Radio (page 12)
(page 26) © You could be next... ¢ Antenna systems, Part 1
by Marc S. Walker, BTS (Will FCC regulation enforcement catch you (Historical information traces horizontal,
As crosspoints in a routing switcher in- off guard?) vertical and directional radiators, ground-
crease, so does complexity and cost. A mul- ing and tuning stubs.)
tistage concept in larger arrays can reduce FCC Update (page 8)
cost significantly, by nearly 50%. The dis- * FCC fine schedule computes relative grav-
cussion examines the theory and practice of ity of offense as percentage of maximum SBE Update (page 14)
the multistage design. forfeiture amount ($25,000); additional ¢ Bylaw revisions focus on management,
membership, directorship terms, mem-
criteria for upward, downward adjust-
Implementing multiformat routing ments account for other circumstances. bership dues payments and administra-
switchers (page 46) tive details.
by Dan Mazur, Di-Tech Strictly TV (page 10)
With digital and analog component and © PCs for TV (Part 1) Circuits (page 16)
composite video and multilevel digital and (Personal computers are effective for some ¢ An in-depth look at analog ATR circuits
analog audio, signal distribution routing be- TV production and operations.) (Part 2)
comes complex. A virtual matrix maps rela-
tionships between required levels of
switching and may avoid major rewiring of
the existing distribution system.
Fiber-optic routing switchers (page 50)
by Jack Guedj, TriQuint Semiconductor
and Bob Grant, Integrated Switching
Systems
Fiber-optic routing includes greater band-
width, lack of EMI problems and ground
loops, greater signal coverage without
reamplification and less need for signal
reclocking.
Integrating multiple control systems
(page 66)
by Roald Steen, instructor
For economic reasons, many facilities have
centralized control capabilities. Automa-
tion technology, appropriate signal and
control interfacing and PCs offer new meth-
ods to achieve full facility control from a
single or limited multiple control points.
(Related material: audio console automa-
tion, operational requirements on mixing
system with dynamic and snapshot modes.)
The on-line/off-line interface (page 78)
by Bill Ferster, Editing Machines
Corporation
Off-line editing permits material to be re-
viewed and an initial edit decision list to be
made before booking time in the post pro-
duction room.
Archiving for productivity (page 86)
by Rick Lehtinen, technical editor
A well organized system to maintain infor-
mation and video footage is essential for the
news department.
SBE show preview (page 92) FRONT
¢ SBE convenes in Houston
(Overview of 91 SBE National Convention,
Broadcast Engineering Conference.) 30-K Weather Watch* Move to the front with your weather graphics.
The 30-K WeatherWatch can produce your entire weather show. From data
SMPTE show preview (page 94)
input, through design, to on air display—-you only need one system, one
* SMPTE celebrates 75th anniversary in LA
(An overview of activities planned for 133rd investment.
SMPTE Technical Conference and Equip- With advanced engineering and stunning visuals, WeatherWatch lets you
ment Exhibition.)
entertain while you inform. Quickly and easily.
Applied technology (page 96) Creative hardware and software solutions—that’s our promise. It’s what
¢ Affordable digital audio processing put us on the map in the graphics business.
(The methods, requirements of equipment
in digital signal processing for audio.)
Grass Valley Group‘
New York [phone] Chicago [phone] Dallas/Fort Worth [phone]
Atlanta [phone] Los Angeles [phone]
October
Theme: Profitable Technical
Management Circle (38) on Reply Card
January 1992 Broadcast Engineering
(EQ compensates head effects of varying Applied technology (page 92) TAB exhibitors found a larger audience
frequencies with linear tape motion.) ® Advanced sound localization processing than had been predicted.
(Results of psychoacoustical research cou- *The Committee for Digital Radio Broad-
Troubleshooting (page 18) pled with spatial enhancement devices pro- casting (CDRB) meeting and digital radio
® Optimizing 2-track analog ATRs (Part 2) vide control over reflection, diffraction and sessions included a report by the Cana-
(Degraded playback audio caused by faulty resonance to aid artificial sound localiza- dian Broadcasting Corporation on field
or misadjusted EQ.) tion.) tests with Eureka 147 system.
© The society elected three directors in an-
Management for Engineers (page 20) Field report (page 94) nual election. Michael Fast, Baltimore,
® Working smarter (Part 6) @ The Ampex ACR-225 auto cassette system Troy Pennington, Birmingham, AL, and
(Working intelligently calls for improved is examined. Frederick Baumgartner of Indianapolis,
management of meetings and sometimes a were chosen by the membership. Return-
proper attitude.) ing directors are Terrence Baun, Milwau-
kee, Paul Montoya, Denver and Edward
The 1991 salary survey: the complete Roos, Palm Beach, FL.
picture (page 26)
by Brad Dick, editor Theme: Annual Station Circuits (page 16)
Radio salaries show small increases for Maintenance Report Taking Analog ATR EQ one step further
management, operations is viewed overall; (Part 3)
Top 50 engineers found an increase, while Editorial (page 6) (Active EQ improves recording and gives
Top 100 and beyond saw decreases. TV ¢ Gutsy move the benefit of lowering the apparent signal-
management saw no increase, but engineer- (SBE and RTNDA plan to combine the exhi- to-noise ratio.)
ing rose slightly and operations dropped. bitions of their conventions in 1993.)
Engineering can be a profit center FCC Update (page 8) T¢rOoputbilmeiszhionogt ingA TR(sp,a ge ta1p8e) path failures
ibPrneoy (Cnr tpotrMaalielagou,vren mev snbdi u5uin2eop sf) l, Be to—xh reOend eH, eq nusWgiiBigpnnNmaeSelens r tis tntoga atminsuodenl cstt,ito ocrwh eacrna nne slbp raiacnneg- @FtfttChhoheCrro ies vceiNa CnAswgotB”asm’ n mstw i“iifstnoRshrga i dsoDitunAoor eB v.rii m v1pi9M9nlSa1gehn, em yrea rnnoidqfte uf eeprDseMeAtradBirh .osa nhppsaso ls lai,ewt vaieivantet (sfbTpar(laoePapnaqnesruc-tee ep n a3pct)orh yfo bal fateiiamnlpssuet,r ae sbpS ia/ltaNihp t pdieieesasg rd.r e aldaisaTc tahtfieero .en)qs pu heoynrsc iyhc igarhle--
e¢Entrepreneur’s preference urged in com-
tennas or real estate sales and leasing are
parative hearings for a party who success-
suggested areas. Consider fees charged for Management for Engineers (page 20)
fully pursues an FM allotment through the
services rendered and cost controls; exam- © Meetings of value, how to organize a meet-
commission’s rule making process. At
ine new vs. used equipment purchases. ing (Part 7)
least three rule making petitions advocate
(To make meetings as painless as possible,
adoption of such a preference, and NAB
Competing for your job (page 64) they should have a purpose. If you ask your
has filed supporting comments.
by Richard Farquhar, Television Systems staff to take an hour from their work, orga-
@ FCC chairman advocates “video dial tone”
If you were required to interview for your nize the meeting for a purpose and set goals
allowing local telephone companies to
position, would you qualify? Reappraisal of to be accomplished.)
offer customers access to a multiplicity of
personal and technical qualifications, and
video services, including 2-way interac-
keeping abreast of the industry and technol- Analog troubleshooting basics (page 26)
tive services.
ogy need serious consideration. by Roald Steen, instructor
In analog troubleshooting, proceed from the
Strictly TV (page 19)
Engineering software for PCs (page 70) simplest to more complicated causes. Make
© PCs for TV (Part 2)
by Joseph D. Mahedy, Computer Assisted sure all parts are plugged in, turned on and
(TV multimedia generally imnlies a com-
Technologies connected; that switches are in the right
puter controlling several pieces of audio
Software specifically for the technical side positions and making proper contact. Check
and video equipment for display on moni-
of engineering proves helpful in system faulty equipment whenever possible by sub-
tors or conversion to computer data.)
planning and design; other programs aid in stitution. Parts dealing with high current
engineering management, budgeting, cost levels often are sources of failure.
re: Radio (page 12)
analysis and general operations.
e Antenna systems (Part 2)
(Early AM antenna systems, isolation prob- Monitoring the serial digital signal
Software management (page 78) lems and vulnerability to lightning engen- ge 32)
by Steve A. Rowell, WOFL-TV by Ken Ainsworth, Tektronix
dered by “above-ground” nature led to the
An inventory of microprocessor-based Serial digital video equipment can use exist-
development of the shunt-fed antennas and
equipment and the current software version ing coax wiring for installations. High
folded unipoles.)
permits a quick assessment of equipment bandwidth requirements, noise and distor-
capabilities. Ideally, in the area of opera- tion affect digital transmission systems dif-
SBE Update (page 14)
tions, the facility should develop a “format” ferently than analog systems. These
¢Richard Farquhar assumes position of
with everyone using the same database, differences can surprise the video engineer
president; Jerry Whitaker becomes vice
word processor, spreadsheet and so forth. who ventures into serial.
president.
Testing coaxial lines, Part 1 (page 82) ®Accomplishments during Brad Dick’s Caring for high-power tubes (page 48)
by Don Kolbert, KLSE-FM/KZSE-FM presidential tenure include director and by Brad Dick, editor
An oscilloscope and a pulse generator can officer accountability, hiring of an execu- A few simple steps increase the life of trans-
check coaxial cable in search of impedance tive director, development of a strategic mitter tubes and save money. Guidelines for
mismatches, faulty connectors, opens or plan for SBE, increasing society member- tube care include background material on
shorts and the location of the fault. The ship. tube components, proper operating tech-
article discusses alternatives to expensive ¢ SBE and RTNDA to hold joint technology niques and safety considerations. Numer-
test equipment for coaxial maintenance. exhibition at 1993 convention in Miami. ous pointers will help to lengthen the
¢ Korean Broadcast Engineers and Techni- operating life of your tubes for normal oper-
Station-to-station (page 88) cians Association (KBETA) sign affiliation ating conditions.
¢ LMS modification enables second feed agreement with SBE.
(The primary requirements to convert an ¢ Delegations from Mexico and the Philip- Rebuilding TV transmitters (page 60)
automated playback system serving both pines attended the SBE Convention and by Don Newman, GE Support Services
coasts into a 2-feed system with separate made contact with SBE leaders. The task: to inspect, clean and rebuild aging
signals for each coast required some @ The 1991 SBE Convention was aj oint event and deteriorating transmitter cavities. The
changes to equipment as well as enhanced with the Texas Association of Broadcast- station saved the expense of replacing
software.) ers (TAB) annual meeting. 109 SBE and 31 transmitters.
84 Broadcast Engineering January 1992