Broadband Wireless Mobile, 3G and Beyond, part 1

313 Pages·7.21 MB·english

by  Lu W.

BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE
3G and Beyond
Edited by
Willie W. Lu
SIEMENS, USA
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Contents
Preface ix
ListofContributors xiii
1 SummaryandIntroduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 NetworkArchitecture 3
1.3 ProtocolStack 4
1.4 CompactOpenCore 5
1.5 Conclusions 8
2 UMTSAirInterface 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1 3GPP 13
2.1.2 3GPP2 14
2.2 UMTSAirInterface 14
2.2.1 Layer1 15
2.2.2 Layer2 48
2.2.3 Layer3 62
2.3 CDMA2000AirInterface 70
2.3.1 Layer1 71
2.3.2 Layer2 76
2.3.3 Layer3 85
2.4 CompatibilityIssues 90
2.4.1 3GPP3G 91
2.4.2 3G2G 93
2.5 Enhancing3GCapabilities 95
2.5.1 AdaptiveAntennas 98
2.5.2 SpaceTimeTransmissionDiversity 113
2.5.3 TurboCoding 121
2.5.4 MultiuserDetection 128
2.6 Conclusions 132
3 NetworkArchitecture 137
3.1 Introduction 137
3.1.1 Requirementsfor3GSystems 138
3.1.2 InternationalStandardisationActivities 138
3.1.3 GeneralAspectsof3GSystems 140
3.1.4 ChapterOutline 141
vi BroadbandWirelessMobile:3GandBeyond
3.2 GenericNetworkModel 142
3.2.1 PhysicalModel 142
3.2.2 FunctionalModel 144
3.3 NetworkArchitecture 146
3.3.1 3GPPRelease99 147
3.3.2 3GPPRelease4 156
3.3.3 3GPPRelease5 160
3.3.4 AnOverviewofPSDomainProtocols 166
3.4 UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccessNetwork 169
3.4.1 UTRANArchitecture 169
3.4.2 UTRANFunctions 174
3.4.3 ControlandUserPlaneSeparationinUTRAN 176
3.4.4 UEUTRANAssociation 177
3.4.5 TheUuInterface 178
3.4.6 TheIuInterface 178
3.4.7 KeyFeaturesofIuInterface 179
3.4.8 ProtocolArchitectureacrossIu 181
3.4.9 SignallingProceduresacrossIu 187
3.4.10 IurInterface 198
3.4.11 IubInterface 205
3.4.12 EstablishmentofDataBearersinUTRAN 209
3.5 NetworkAccessSecurity 215
3.5.1 KeySecurityPrinciples 216
3.5.2 WeaknessesinSecondGenerationSecurity 217
3.5.3 SecurityObjectives 217
3.5.4 SecurityArchitecture 218
3.5.5 NetworkAccessSecurity 220
4 EmergingWirelessApplicationsandProtocols 239
4.1 Introduction 239
4.2 WirelessApplicationProtocol(WAP) 240
4.2.1 WAPMarkets 240
4.2.2 WAPArchitecturesandProtocols 243
4.2.3 WAPSecurities 251
4.2.4 WAPInteroperability 252
4.2.5 WAPand3Gwireless 254
4.2.6 WAPServicesandApplications 256
4.2.7 WAPSystemSolutions 260
4.3 iMode 262
4.3.1 WhatisiMode? 262
4.3.2 iModeCompatibleHTML 262
4.3.3 iModeNetworkStructure 263
4.3.4 FeaturesofiMode 264
4.3.5 iModeApplications 265
4.3.6 iModeDevelopingStrategy 266
4.4 OtherWirelessMobileInternetApplicationTechnologies 267
4.5 Conclusions 268
5 Initiativesin4GMobileDesign 271
5.1 Introduction WhoNeeds4G?Whatis4G? 271
5.1.1 SocialBackgroundandFutureTrends 271
5.1.2 TrendsinITUR 271
5.1.3 WirelessAccessSystemsRelatedto4GMobile 277
5.1.4 KeyTechnologies 277
Contents vii
5.2 MicrowavePropagation 277
5.2.1 MicrowaveMobilePropagationCharacteristicsinUrbanEnvironments 279
5.2.2 MicrowaveMobilePropagationCharacteristicsinResidentialEnvironments 285
5.3 AdaptiveAntennas 288
5.3.1 Introduction 288
5.3.2 Algorithms 290
5.3.3 SpacetimeEqualiserUsingAdaptiveAntennas 291
5.3.4 ImplementationoftheSpacetimeEqualiser 293
5.3.5 CDMAAdaptiveArrayAntennas 295
5.3.6 SDMA(SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess) 296
5.3.7 Summary 300
5.4 MultipleAccessSchemes 300
5.4.1 ComparisonandImprovementTechnologyofMultipleAccessSchemes 301
5.4.2 MulticarrierCDMA 302
5.4.3 Summary 307
5.5 CDMADynamicCellConfiguration 307
5.5.1 TeletrafficLoadinCellularRadioSystems 307
5.5.2 TeletrafficManagementandAccessMethods 308
5.5.3 ChannelAssignment 309
5.5.4 ControlMethodsinCDMASystems 309
5.5.5 PrincipleofDynamicCellConfiguration 310
5.5.6 EvaluationofDCC 311
5.5.7 CharacteristicsinUpandDownlinks 312
5.5.8 FutureWorks 314
5.6 CDMACellularPacketCommunications 315
5.6.1 TransmissionPowerControlforConnectionlessServices 316
5.6.2 ServiceFairnessinaSystemwithSiteDiversityReception 318
5.6.3 AccommodationofAsymmetricTraffic 322
5.6.4 Summary 325
5.7 NetworkArchitectureandTeletrafficEvaluation 326
5.7.1 ReducingInterruptionsDuringHandoff 327
5.7.2 ReducingForcedTerminationsDuringHandoff 327
5.7.3 HandoverControlAppropriateforMultimediaCommunicationsUsing
ATMandIPTechnologies 331
5.7.4 AMobileCommunicationTrafficModel 332
5.8 TCPover4G 336
5.8.1 TransmissionRateControl 339
5.8.2 TransmissionPowerControlforCDMAWirelessSystems 340
5.8.3 SteadyStateAnalysisforCombiningofTransmissionPowerControl
andPacketTransmissionRateControl 341
5.8.4 PerformanceEvaluation 342
5.8.5 Conclusions 343
5.9 DecodingTechniqueinMobileMultimediaCommunications 343
6 Conclusions 357
Index 361
Preface
‘Life isbeautifulif powered bywireless technology’
Congratulations. By opening this page you have become part of a great conversation.
When I first proposed the 3Gwireless’2000 Conference back in 1998, lots of issues were
unclearaboutthisnewtechnology.Nowwearemeetingat3Gwireless’2002wherewehave
tremendous progress on this technology and the 3Gwireless system has been already
deployed insomecountries.
Wireless mobile communication normally has a ten-year evolution cycle, five years for
researchanddevelopment,andanotherfiveyearsforimplementationanddeployment.While
3Gwireless starts to deploy worldwide, research on next-generation mobile technology is
already on track. The Delson Group’s World Wireless Congress and Fourth-Generation
Mobile Forum (4GMF) opened the door for this very hot ‘beyond 3G’ research and devel-
opment in thisplanet.
Whenthefirstgenerationmobilephonecametotheworld,peoplegreatlyenjoyeditseasy
wireless communication. I still remember how much I loved the first mobile phone. It was
likeabrick,easytostand-upandcostmeathousanddollars.Intheearly90s,everyonetalked
about digital, and GSM (the second-generation mobile phone) came into life. The only
difference for me to use GSM compared to the old one is more information displayed in
the phone time, name and short message but it was still expensive for me in the early
beginning. GSM is the product of our digitalised society and benefited a lot from it. GSM
hand phone became the no. 1 fashion commodity in China. In many under-developed
provinces in China, people worked hard every day just to get a GSM phone rather than
buyanythingelse,andyoungpeopletriedtosavelunches topayforthenewphonethough
stillover 20%of GSM phones have never been inservice.
TheInternetcreatedlotsofwealthaswellasnoise.Nowwereallycannotsurvivewithout
theInternet,andcuttingoffe-mailislikecuttingoffouroxygen. Informationexchangehas
become oneof the most important parts oflife.
TheInternetpushedthemobilecommunicationhardtotheedgeoftechnologybecausethe
voice-centric GSM does not have much capability to deliver value-added Internet traffic.
Businessisdrivenbythemarketand3Gwirelesswasquicklyrolledoutintothemarketwith
hugeinvestmentandinvolvementfromlotsofengineers,researchersandmarketingprofes-
sionals.
The objective of 3Gwireless is very clear: to extend the Internet traffic to the mobile
terminal and unwire the Internet. Therefore, the major improvement of 3Gwireless is on
x BroadbandWirelessMobile:3GandBeyond
thenewairinterfacecalledRadioTransmissionTechnology(RTT)tosupporthighdatarate
transmission over the radiolink.
However,whenpeopledreamofthebeautifulwirelessfuture,onefundamentalissuewas
broughttothe table: where isthe spectrum for allthis activity?
While Internet networking business cooled down, most investors changed their focus to
wireless, especially broadband wireless technologies which greatly promoted the develop-
mentofshort-rangewirelessproducts.WirelessLocalAreaNetwork,wirelessPersonalArea
Networkand broadband wirelessaccess,etc.have justfloodedtheworld.Theyworkinthe
licensedbandsorunlicensedbands,andtheyconsumeahugeamountofspectrum.Soagain,
do we have enough spectrum?
Fromallovertheworld,everyweek,wehaveonewirelessstandardcomingoutwhetherit
isinternational,nationalorjustalocalstandard.By2010,theremaynotbeanystandardatall
becausethere are toomany standards already inthis small planet.
So, how can we survive inthis wirelessstorm?
Convergence ofwirelessmobile andlocalwirelessaccessisthe onlysolution!
Thenextgenerationmobileterminal(4GMobileorcalled‘Beyond3G’)shouldbeamulti-
band, multi-standard, multi-mode and multi-media personal communicator with an
embedded converged broadband wireless system core. Whether you are in the office,
home, airport or shopping centre, etc, the communicator will automatically connect to the
broadband short range wireless access networks (i.e. Wireless LAN, etc) to provide high-
speed wireless connections. If you are on the move and cannot reach these local wireless
accesssystems,youwillbeautomaticallyswitchedtothewirelessmobilenetworks.Ifboth
wireless mobile and wireless access networks are available, the default connection mode is
local wireless access. This convergedwireless system has, at least, the following benefits:
† greatly increasesthe spectrum utilisationwith spectrum sharing andreuse
† bringsmorebitstothewirelessusersasmostbroadbandservicesareinthelocalwireless
access domain
† integrated numbering, billing and enhanced security
† fulluse ofwireless network resources
† guaranteedseamlesswireless Internetcommunications
Thisistheconceptofthefourth-generationmobilecommunications(4GMobile),andthe
proposedvision of the Fourth-Generation Mobile Forum (4GMF)by the Delson Group.
From the user perspective this 4G Mobile vision can also be described as a multi-sphere
level concept. In the first level the user connects all carried devices like a camera, phone,
mirror glasses for images, watch, etc. in a PAN (Personal Area Network) by short range
connectivitysystems.Thesecondlevellinkstheimmediateenvironment likeaTV,aPC,a
refrigerator,etc.totheuser.Levelthreeensuresthedirectcommunicationtoinstantpartners
as other users and vehicles. Different radio access systems like terrestrial mobile systems,
satellitesystemsandHAPS(HighAltitudePlatformStations)areprovidedinlevelfourfor
fullareacoverage.TheselevelsaresurroundedbytheCyberWorld(servicesandapplications
domain)inlevelfive,wheregames,accesstodatabasesandtheInternet,communicationetc.
areprovided.Therefore,thedifferentcommunicationrelationsperson-to-personandmainly
machine-to-personandviceversaandmachine-to-machinewilldeterminemobileandwire-
less communications inthe future.
Preface xi
This vision from the user perspective is the driving force for seamless services and
applications via different access systems (air interfaces) for future developments. Due to
the future-dominating role of IP-based data traffic and applications, networks and systems
have to be designed for economic packet data transfer. The fixed Internet penetration is
growing in parallel to the mobile radio penetration. About 80% offixed Internet users are
alsousingmobilecommunications.Therefore,these userswanttogetthe sameserviceson
wireless terminals. These services require a high degree of asymmetry between uplink and
downlink especially for Internet type services with much higher expected capacity on the
downlink.
This4GMobilevisioncanbeimplementedbyintegrationofthesedifferentevolvingand
emergingwirelesstechnologiesinacommonflexibleandexpandableplatformtoprovidea
multiplicityofpossibilitiesforcurrentandfutureservicesandapplicationstousersinasingle
terminal. The available, emerging and evolving radio transmission technologies have basi-
cally been designed in the classical vertical communication model that a system has to
provide a limited set of services to users in an optimised manner. The 4G Mobile system
will mainly be characterised by a horizontal communication model, where different air
interfaces as cellular, cordless, WLAN type systems, short range connectivity and wired
systemswillbecombinedonacommonplatformtocomplementeachotherinanoptimum
wayfordifferentservicerequirementsandradioenvironments.Thesewirelesssystemswill
be connected to a common, flexible and seamless converged core network. The mobility
management will be part of a new Media Access System as interface between the core
network and the particular wireless technology to connect a user via a single number for
differentsystemstothenetwork.Thiswillcorrespondtoageneralisedaccessnetwork.Global
roaming for all wireless technologies is required. The interworking between these different
systems in terms of horizontal and vertical handover and seamless services with service
negotiation including mobility, security and QoS will be a key requirement, which will be
handled inthe newlydeveloped Media Access ControlSystem and the core network.
Let’s back track to the purpose of this book. Why do we call it Broadband Wireless
Mobile?Peoplelikethemobilephonemuchmorebecause ofitsmobilitythanjustbecause
it is wireless. The mobile services continue to dominate the whole of wireless communica-
tions,andtherefore,thefourthgenerationisstillfocusedonthemobilebusiness(called4G
Mobile). Meanwhile, W-LAN may become part of the mobile communications since each
W-LANbasestationcanactasthemobilewirelessrouterintermsoftrafficmanagementand
access control.
Theworldchangestoofast.WhenIfirsttalkedon3Gwirelessin1995,onlyafewpeople
attended myseminar. Now everyone is talking about ‘‘3G’’, ‘‘Beyond 3G’’ and 4G Mobile.
My invited speech in Stanford attracted nearly one thousand wireless professionals and my
recent talk inChina witnessed over ten thousand people unbelievable!
So, what’s the conclusion?A NewWireless Storm isreally coming!
Thanks Delson Group for great efforts in organising the 3Gwireless conferences and 4G
MobileForumtohelppromotetheeducation,researchandbusinessofthisemergingwireless
technologyworldwide.
Ihope you enjoy reading thisbook, and find it useful.
Willie W. Lu
Cupertino, California
September, 2002
List of Contributors
Chapters 1, 4 and 6
Willie L. Lu
SIEMENS
1730 North First Street, MS 14303
SanJose, CA95112
USA
Chapter 2
Matilde Sa´nchez Ferna´ndez, Antonio Caaman˜o-Ferna´ndez, Javier Ramos-Lo´pez and Ana
Garc´ıa-Armada
All of
UniversidadCarlosIII de Madrid
Av. Universidad, 30
28911 Legane´s, Madrid
SPAIN
Chapter 3
ApostolisSalkintzis
Motorola
Global Telecom Solutions Sector
GPRS/UMTS SystemDesign & Standards
32Kifissias Ave., Athens GR-15125
GREECE
Chapter 5
Takehiko Kobayashi
Department ofInformation andCommunication Engineering
Tokyo Denki University
2-2Kanda-nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101-8457
JAPAN
1
Summary and Introduction
Broadband wireless communications have gained an increased interest during the last few
years.Thishasbeenfuelledbyalargedemandonhighfrequencyutilisationaswellasalarge
numberofusersrequiringsimultaneoushighdatarateaccessfortheapplicationsofwireless
mobileInternetande-commerce.Theconvergenceofwirelessmobileandaccesswillbethe
next storm in the wireless communications, which will use a new network architecture to
deliver broadband services in a more generic configuration to wireless customers and
supports value-added services and emerging interactive multimedia communications.
Largebandwidth,guaranteedqualityofserviceandeaseofdeploymentcoupledwithrecent
great advancements in semiconductor technologies make this converged wireless system a
very attractive solutionfor broadband service delivery.
1.1 Introduction
‘The future of wireless is not just wireless, it is a part of life’. When we trace back to the
1980s, everyone dreamed to have a nice mobile phone. But if we dream of the wireless
picture in 2010, the story will be totally different. Why? Because by that time, the wireless
infrastructure (not just for communications) will be totally multi-dimensional, whether in
technologies (diversified and harmonised), applications (free mobile, local or global), or
services (service/bandwidth on demand). Our wireless personal communicator or assistant
(thesizeofawalletoruptoabookwithenoughbandwidthandmemory)canhelpusenjoy
ourlives.Wirelessbecomeseasyandaffordableinthemassmarket,evenwhenyouareaway
from your office; your business will never be off-line. The global roaming and high-speed
wirelesslink(thankstothetremendoussiliconadvancements)willmakeourtravelswonder-
ful andfeel at home.
Thekeyapplicationsevolvedfromtheadvancementofbroadbandwireless,andtheunder-
liningtechnologies,includingbroadbandwirelessmobile(3Gwirelessand4Gmobile),broad-
bandwirelessaccess,broadbandwirelessnetworking,aswellasbroadbandsatellitesolutions
willsurely dominate thewhole communicationsmarketandtherefore improvethe business
model in many aspects.
Convergence ofbroadbandwireless mobile andaccesswillbethe next storm inwireless
communications.Fuelledbymanyemergingtechnologiesincludingdigitalsignalprocessing,
software definable radio, intelligent antennas, superconductor devices as well as digital
transceiver, the future wireless system will be much more compact with limited hardware
entity and more flexible and intelligent software elements. Re-configurable and adaptive