Broadband Optical Access Networks PDF
Preview Broadband Optical Access Networks
CHEN Electrical Engineering • BROADBAND MURPHY BROADBAND OPTICAL MODULATORS B OPTICAL R Science, Technology, and Applications O “…provides the full, exciting story of optical modulators. … A comprehensive MODULATORS review, from the fundamental science to the material and processing technol- A ogy to the optimized device design to the multitude of applications for which D broadband optical modulators bring great value. … Especially valuable in my Science, Technology, and Applications view is that the authors are internationally known researchers, developers, B and systems people who are experts in their field, writing now, with the A perspective that time offers, about their groundbreaking work.” N —Dr. Rodney C. Alferness, Senior Vice President of Optical Networking Research at Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs D Considered the most comprehensive book yet published on this critical subject, Broadband Optical Modulators: Science, Technology, and Applications O offers an incredibly wide-ranging yet in-depth overview of the state of the art in P the design and use of optical modulators. Providing a wealth of expert insights, this book covers fundamental and practical aspects, from materials to systems, T addressing historical and more recent developments. I C Coverage includes: A • Optical and electro-optic properties of traditional single crystalline L lithium niobate, silicon, and III-V compound semiconductors, as well as emerging electro-optic polymers and organic nonlinear optic crystals M • Discussion of factors important to modulator design, fabrication, and performance O • Fundamental topics, such as electro-optic effect in nonlinear optic crystals and semiconductors D Leaders in the field created this invaluable reference for scientific researchers U involved in high-speed device research and development, especially in the areas L of optical transmitters and optical modulators for fiber-optics communication systems. Helping readers master optical modulation techniques, this book will be A invaluable to engineers (system/subsystem designers, product developers, and T technical and project managers) and other professionals in the telecommunica- tions and defense industries. It offers the audience—which includes graduate O students—an in-depth understanding of the new modulator architectures and technologies now available, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, advantages, R and trade-offs associated with each. S Edited by K11192 Antao Chen Edmond J. Murphy BROADBAND OPTICAL MODULATORS Science, Technology, and Applications BROADBAND OPTICAL MODULATORS Science, Technology, and Applications Edited by Antao Chen Edmond J. Murphy Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110728 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-2507-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To the scientists and engineers whose hard work contributed to the advancement of modulator technology, and to the people who have the courage to stand up against totalitarianism and injustice. —A.C. To Kathy, Ed, Colleen and Matt, Dan, Tim, and Sean, with love. —E.J.M. Contents Foreword....................................................................................................................ix Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii Editors.......................................................................................................................xv Contributors...........................................................................................................xvii Section i Fundamentals . 1. Role.and.Evolution.of.Modulators.in.Optical.Fiber.Communication................3 Steven K. Korotky . 2. Evolution.of.Digital.Optical.Modulation.Formats..................................................31 Peter J. Winzer and René-Jean Essiambre . 3. Fiber-Optic.Analog.Radio.Frequency.Links............................................................63 Charles H. Cox III and Edward I. Ackerman . 4. Overview.of.Optical.Modulators.and.the.Properties.That.Affect. Transmission.System.Performance............................................................................93 Gary E. Betts and John C. Cartledge Section ii Modulator technology . 5. Electroabsorption.Modulators...................................................................................129 Haruhisa Soda and Ken Morito . 6. Lithium.Niobate.Modulators......................................................................................151 Kazuto Noguchi . 7. Indium.Phosphide-Based.Electro-Optic.Modulators...........................................173 Ian Betty Section iii emerging technologies . 8. Gallium.Arsenide.Modulator.Technology..............................................................207 Robert G. Walker and John Heaton vii viii Contents . 9. Electro-Optic.Polymer.Modulators..........................................................................223 Larry R. Dalton and William H. Steier .10. Silicon.High-Speed.Modulators................................................................................257 Ansheng Liu, Frederic Y. Gardes, Ling Liao, Rebecca Schaevitz, Graham Reed, and Mario Paniccia .11. Organic.Electro-Optic.Crystal.Modulators............................................................281 Mojca Jazbinsek and Peter Günter .12. Complex.Oxide.Electro- Optic.Modulators............................................................307 Yalin Lu Section iV Practical issues in Modulator operation .13. Modulator.Drivers.........................................................................................................329 John J. DeAndrea .14. Reliability.of.Lithium.Niobate.Modulators............................................................347 Hirotoshi Nagata .15. Bias.Control.Techniques..............................................................................................363 Pak S. Cho Section V Applications beyond the Digital telecom System .16. Broadband.Electric.Field.Sensors.............................................................................383 Vittorio M. N. Passaro .17. Passive.Millimeter-Wave.Imaging.Using.Optical.Modulators.........................399 Yao Peng, Christopher Schuetz, and Dennis W. Prather .18. Optical.Beam.Forming.for.Microwave.and.Millimeter.Waves..........................413 Harold R. Fetterman, Seongku Kim, and Matthew R. Fetterman .19. Electro-Optic.Time.Lenses.for.Shaping.and.Imaging.Optical.Waveforms......427 Brian H. Kolner .20. RF.Photonics-Optical.Pulse.Synthesizer................................................................455 Hiroshi Murata .21. Optoelectronic.Oscillator...........................................................................................469 Lute Maleki, Danny Eliyahu, and Andrey B. Matsko .22. Electro-Optic.Analog-to-Digital.Converters..........................................................491 Minyu Yao and Hongming Zhang .23. Fiber-Optic.Gyroscopes...............................................................................................505 Karl Kissa and Jeffrey E. Lewis .24. Polarization.Control......................................................................................................517 Fred Heismann, Suwat Thaniyavarn, and David Moilanen
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