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Bridgecourse Physics Arihant for self study after class 10 Boards Part 2 From page 269 till end 560 Vikas Jain IIT JEE Engineering Medical Foundation KVPY Olympiad PDF

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Preview Bridgecourse Physics Arihant for self study after class 10 Boards Part 2 From page 269 till end 560 Vikas Jain IIT JEE Engineering Medical Foundation KVPY Olympiad

bridgecourse Physi bridgecourse Physics A Self Study Course after Class 10 Board Exams to Bridge the gap between Class X & XI 8 to Build Foundation for Engineering/Medical Entrances Vikas Jain >«arihant ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (SERIES), MEERUT PREFACE xing involved in preparing the students fo JE forthe last many yeas personaly elt that when students enter in das th they felt of ty a malting ther spt and enthusiasm of High Schoo The reason beng that theresa vast gap between thelevels ofthe to cases, Almost ‘rerything taught to them 1° casi ether new to them or hasbeen aughtto them na ferent manner. Moreover, the ast labus andthe big ft books fightened ther, asa rest of ‘which even the very bight students of Highschool tet oe the coiidence nthe ii ste ‘of thirintermediate There are many good books aval inthe market which serves the purpose forcuriculum of classes 10° nd 1b there en bok valble the market which an bide the gap ofthese two dases ndhep the High schoo students to become successful student in ‘eb intermedi 0 ‘Tebookin your hand wren wth he mott>"Maintain the pace and split four young minds {or Towards JE. The ies behind the iteduction of ths products of Me Deepesh an (Oectr, ‘Athan Patashan) With ths met i ind completely went rough the slabs of ass 6,9", 10 and ted to varus ploneer teachers of High School and thor vein nF foundation| program about ther curiam level of stdent and teaching methodologies, Wh ths smal ‘eseurch started to develop the content of Towa JE ‘The major problem wha faced shat upto High choo Alea based phys hasbeen aught andi 1" ls calcu bated, moreover he stunts camo know the things abou calc n the 2 ea ofthelrintermediate, soto develop the content ofthis bok eat ue calcul andes sleoa proven fot that without acl ts very fit explain certain concepts np ll ted to epiin those concepsina diferent ay by taking ceraln examples om lye or Shipped tore concepts To understand the content ofthis book ou donot ned any previous Concepts of physics. The books complet nallense. The ol thing wich ee requ the ti receptive mind ciroatyto lean hablo understand the things om core and te mathematical sil. “Thisbook canbe wel for students of 8 9 and 10" cas ot for 10 to 17" moving students of by thote whe are having erin physi oF nt having any Interest in phys. THs book wily tokeep youlniace forse ‘have putin my best sincere forts to develop the content of this book and ed my level best 0 present the theory in very mpl and interesting way. ren though veiled my best te prowde ‘the most accurate matter the mistakesferrors might have gone untied yeu rdsome, the please ring tt my notice would be highly appreciate, el ha this book wl serve the moto mantaing the pace and pit of ou young mins with which thas been we. Sillto serve the stant community ina beter way feedback nd Suggestions of students and teacher ae invite, Vikas Jain CONTENTS 1 re ‘The Realm of Physics Units and Measurements Motion in Straight Line 1. Motion ina Plane Newton's Laws of Motion Friction Work, Energy and Power LUnear Momentum, Impulse and Collisions Circular Rotational Motion Gravitation |The Wave Motion Thermal Physics Electrostaties Current Electricity Magnetism and Magnetic Effect of Current Electromagnetic Induction (EM) Optics Basic Mathematics For Physics ‘Workout (1-6) 15 78 19-66 67-108 105-146 147-166 167.199 201-232 233-267 269-292 293-316 317335 337-368 369-415 417-440 441-458 459-502 503-543 545-560 Chapter 10 Gravitation The First Steps’ Learning * Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation © Earth's Gravity and Acceleration Due to Gravity © Planetary Motion and Kepler's Laws © Motion of Satellites in Circular Orbits ® Geosynchronous Satellites 270 | TheFiest Steps Physics Throughout our dacusion of physics till now in this book, we always frequently encountered the term ‘gravity force’ which is nothing but the measure of gravitational fatiraction Beton the earth and an object on tts surface or near to its surfece. In present ‘hapter we shall explore this concept of gravitation in somewhat more deta ‘We have seen in chapter § (Newtons Laws of Maton that gravitational force is on of the ‘four basi forces that exist in the nature. La’ imagine that you make ajump to hick he bal, ‘and after Mcking, the bal doce’ come down and you are fling in lr. Ths incident seers to ‘bea fantasy, but this can be pooilef we were o have a gravity free world te, if there is no “eravity, then you won't come back fo earth or nother words we can say, the gravitation ‘which binds us othe earth and ale holds the other planets and the sun in the solar system. In ‘broader sense isthe gravity which hale the universe ogether, and makes the ‘Newton's Apples" fat the ground only. Iwas Sir esa Newton, who iret analyaed and interpreted the ‘eraitation in great dete! and propounded @ mathematical law related to gravitational Phenomenon. Although many tcentists were able to understand the phenomenon of {rauttatin before Newton, but none teas able fo formalate the things ina very precise terms. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 1 has been said that once Sir Tntac 9 the earth's gravity force only, which 16 Newton was siting, in his” garden, and responsible to bind us withthe earth, holds the thucrving the falling apple froma tree(which is atmosphere above the earth, falling of rain {very common sight in apple growing regions drop tothe earth, motion of moon around the for ordinary people, but intellectual brain of etvthand many mere illustrations canbe added Newton sat anking vary of questions fom bei vue ‘Newton why the pple fing down ? Why it things were not yet over for Newton in Neetu apc emus in a? aple iw pl raat, there was meting fallmglows then why not the maon Or meen "OTE and even more revolutionary, was to be Teas fuling dows ? applets faling down, 468d by Newton, and this comes in the forma ‘then some force must act on it according to my second law ofmtion—whois exerting this force of Newton's universal law of gravitation, which states “Every particle of the matter in the universe attracts every other particle with Newton to generalize the wea thatthe earth & force which is direetly proportional to [tract allcbjects toward its centre. He also the product of their masses and inversely {alized that same free ie, the force of proportional tothe square ofthe distance {ravitaton governs the motion of fallin Detsreen them. Lindalsothe motion ofmoon and thisrealization Consider two particles A and B of masses (ot Newton was of gre ‘mp and my respectively, placed ata separa ‘This particular generalization of Newton, that ras ehown inthe fire, then from Newto taribatrecta every object iowardsiscentto—a univer! law of eiaion tos ence sock termed athe gravy ofearthor wecan say that ther with a force F whichis chevacteied by it is the gravitational free experienced by thjects due to earths gravity. The force with Feamymy, and Srhich the earth attracts objects towards its pel Contre termed a the earths gravity frc. Tt = as Fe to Combining above two equations, we gt ‘universal constant of gravation, G dacs not depend on place and time eval of Gat your table and” lao at moon’ would be same (e,independent of pcs, and the other truths ‘that the value of@ tan years back was same and later ten years alto st would be the same. The ‘alae of @ is alo independent of the nature of particles and the separation between them. As alte of is doen’ depend upon any factor it [eraid fo be universal constant «constant ‘whowe value remains constant and is Independent of position and time. And forthe fame reasons he Newto's aw of gravitation flo ealled an universal law a8 is applicable forall typen of particles having mass and is valid at al lacs at all times. io important to keep in mind that [Newton's law of gravitation is valid ony for point objects and not fr extended objects" Titheugh Newton had’ done tedious ‘athematial calculations to show that if two ‘Spheres having uniform mass dsteibution”* fre placed at a certain distance apart then the ‘Newon's law of gravitation gies the force of rovtation | 271. traction between them by considering ras {he separation between thr eentres" "Nos ze mention here ow ofthe important points related to universal law of gravitation (a) Te ea universal law, according to which very, parle attracts overy other particle ofthe universe, We shal discuss ‘out this in greater dtal towards the nd ofthis ec (0) The gravitational free betwoon two particles And B acts along the line JPining the particles IA experiences & force Bard to B, then B experiences a force Fas duct A uch that Bax =~ Fas, fe both particles attract each other with ‘cua and opposite ree ven by "4 ‘So we can say that gravitational free on ‘AandB due wo each other forms an sction-reaction pa. (o The gravitational force between two particles is independent of the medium present between them. (@ Universal law af gravitation valid oven for very small stances of the order of 10°" man well gor very lange distances ‘ofthe order of 10" m In other words, we fan say that it Ie valid for atomic ‘istances a well tx for astronomical ‘itance, (© Universal law of gravitation is valid for tubatomie partie as well as fr terrestrial ejecta ike planeta, tare ote ‘Tia aameTnes corpse wear ca wot cs [irae lettin mrs maureen 272 | tees Step Physi C-BIs Concept Building Mlustrations Mlustration | 1 Two parties of mass 10 Take mass ofthe earth, My = 10° ha, ‘eck re and a apart of 3 n,n rth y= 410" Rt Determine the gravitational force between Solution Barth can bo connie oa wore shen enfrm test, wo Know 4 Solution From universal lawet ravtation ifr aed ma spre cn tn "ihe ‘ho ‘nnn ei —— ‘phere Tine cust angen sown Pn iota Herem=mmat0K and rot yeaa Moto . “ aN A stan." 8 “Just think that how much smal hire Mlustration | 2. Teo spheres, one of mase ‘Ske and radius 10/om and eter of mase 0 bg and radive 20 om are placed at @ TPeahgo 68710" 610% 5 eho ame eraarten : eeyicteee ete SR ae Sai Ae doe “awe eerie “aad te Mlustration | 4 The mass of the arth is ‘oc! kg and that of moon e410" hg The distance between the centre ofthe moon ‘and earth 384° 10" hm Ascume both the farth and moan to be uniform sphere Determine the gravitational force experienced bythe earth on moon. Solution Using 7 parr? oat hare fy emus fearth alt 10g, 66710 5x10, 2 SF UN My Seman ofmon equal to 7.4% 10" ke ° Fy is separation between centre ef mn *10 kn, Mlustration | 3A Bock of mass HBO" 7.4510 ‘laced onthe surface ofearth. Determine the aot [ravtational force experienced by the block oe Ciuetocarth 22010" at ur tran ye net on ipeeairarererrat SM re nae {ber mames andthe separation between tess it ew con ya sans Tn an hag leas week ‘ian’ ea ya thatatin¢ Now omy a en tr ened ae ‘rn yes Se iieran ie rons) fens otbang carte ange age ‘omit ovine e toh Sproat ch Coe ‘Sane ers got ‘ample et useonier pou are sandngon the etre) nd Tecan ‘Nearer erate ig ‘ota aay 1 Ey eo ‘Spon he grin pes mt eat tecpttetasiegetin oe siete Theol vpn evant Maem 867 10" 08 40 eS =267 10° N Earth’s Gravity and Accelerat fou throw a all upwards then it comes ck, motion of moon around the earth, mation ‘of sateltes around the earth, working of Iiydowectrie power plants ete can be only made pile because of earth's gravitation. ‘Barth atrct ll the Bodies which are in ‘the region of ts gravitational infuence, say a ‘uli dropped frm a igh tower, then it wll, fall toward the surface of earth. if you drop a ‘ce of pape from sme eight, then it will also {all towards tho surface of earth bt slowly a5 ‘ampared to ball So, from thi observation can Weer conclude thet under the earth's os wal al slowly aa compared to heavier bodies? No,becaut re aresstance also ating on the abject a they are fling down, Gravitation | 273 I we take coefficient of fiction between your shoes and platform as j= 02, then the Timiting friction fre between your shoes and platform ef, = pong =0.2> 40% 9.8 = T8AN, ‘Now it means, minimum 78.4 N force ‘must act on you ta cause your motion, but the iravitational force experienced by you due toa ‘ery bg oes (ran) negligible as compared tominimm force required to cause your motion fit cant cause your mation. But it doosn't mean that gravitational fore can never cause the mation in ustrations 8 and 4 you ean arity sce that gravitational force is large ‘oagh to cause the mation ofbody. The concept {stat it leat one ofthe bodes large ike fun r earth or any other heavenly body) then {ravitational force becomes comparable to the {orc required fr mation and hence may cause ‘the motion. Prom illustration 4 you can infer ‘that moon Is experiencing a very large free (=2 10” N) due to gravitational attraction of ‘arth, and it thi lange fre which males the ‘moon reve¥e arvund the earth, So, we ea that moon is bounded to earth only de to sravitatinal free of earth, n Due to Gravity Air Resistance ‘he force exerted by ae fretion termed asairresstance. It valve depends on the mass tf the abet, sts speed and its surface area, ‘Tehas been known earlier before Galileo) that, when a feather and a stone are dropped from same eight, then the stone wil reach the ground fit and from” this people have oneluded that lighter objets are fling lowly ts compared to heavier objects inthe earths iravty Galileo suggested that all objets a gravity and e explained the observation onthe Base that because of ae fiction the feather falling slowly. Later on, Rabert Boyle also experimentally explained the fact that bath the 274 | the Fst steps Phys feather and the stone are falling with same acceleration de to ear’ gravity He dropped ‘eather and ain from same height in a Closed tll lata ited with a vacuum pun (Geng ase to pump ou rand thas erating ‘eum tthe slash tube) and observed that ‘both the feather and the coin snk to the bottorn ‘oftube atthe same tie, thas showing tt bath ‘ve falling st anme rato under earth gravity Tiother word, we cam say that acceleration af al falling todies near the surface of earth is provided air friction e melee. "The ncleration of the body fling under the car's gravitation lone is termed. as acceleration det rat. Here, falling dcant mean that the body is moving towards the ‘orth’ aurce, sca be moving up oie be {projectile motion. Let us conser, a body of ‘mass m moving near the surface of earth under ‘the earths gravitational influence. twill ‘experience fore dueto earths grant ivenby towards the centre arth re he mao hy siniat item ofthe ty ‘ale crete clear fom above expression tht aecleration of ‘body te independent of its mass. ‘This val of gis arth ot forthe polnta near to the surface of “arth whose height from the surface of arth {eneplipible ax compared to te radius of eath ‘The aceleraion ofthe particle moving wader carts gravity romaine the same (oth Stngutade and direction), whether the partie {Paling down, moving por moving some {oye withthe horton, and in all aces, the port i std trove feel under gravy. ‘The acecleratin due to gravity isnot universal constant, ta value i afferent at Uren potions, and it also depends on Serio other factor. ‘Tatu conider a body fling freely under carts gravity, ond shan Snatant Ht Isat 8 eight A om the eats surface a shown in tho igure Here he nt negligible as compared {othe radan ert, Rye ‘Te force exprianeed By the Body due to the corte Tr ‘nace, ou, we So, acceleration due to gravity at a height ‘fom the surfce of earth ie 7 GM, Rye nF variation in acceleration due to gravity with eight I heey of =O, then gM =9.8m which we have sendy seen From above eprom we ean conde tha os one moves ay fo te tra tert he al of ¢dovanse Not oly Os stot ecg vege ae ‘ine or ona gos fom cera repo toler repo thea ob kp se tht feclerton doo gravty dened separately

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