Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance

646 Pages·2014·19.81 MB·English

by  Wai-Fah Chen

CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Bridge Engineering
Handbook B
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SECOND EDITION g
e Bridge Engineering Handbook

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CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE n
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in SECOND EDITION
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Over 140 experts, 14 countries, and 89 chapters are represented in the second edition of e
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the Bridge Engineering Handbook. This extensive collection highlights bridge engineering in
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specimens from around the world, contains detailed information on bridge engineering,

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and thoroughly explains the concepts and practical applications surrounding the subject.
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Published in five books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, Substructure Design,
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Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance, this new edition provides numerous o
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worked-out examples that give readers step-by-step design procedures, includes
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contributions by leading experts from around the world in their respective areas of bridge
engineering, contains 26 completely new chapters, and updates most other chapters.
It offers design concepts, specifications, and practice, as well as the various types of
bridges. The text includes over 2,500 tables, charts, illustrations, and photos. The book
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covers new, innovative and traditional methods and practices; explores rehabilitation,
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retrofit, and maintenance; and examines seismic design and building materials. C
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The fifth book, Construction and Maintenance contains 19 chapters, and covers the M N
practical issues of bridge structures.
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What’s New in the Second Edition: I R
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• Includes nine new chapters: Steel Bridge Fabrication, Cable-Supported Bridge
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Construction, Accelerated Bridge Construction, Bridge Management Using Pontis and
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Improved Concepts, Bridge Maintenance, Bridge Health Monitoring, Nondestructive
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Evaluation Methods for Bridge Elements, Life-Cycle Performance Analysis and A O
Optimization, and Bridge Construction Methods N CONSTRUCTION
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• Rewrites the Bridge Construction Inspection chapter and retitles it as
Bridge Construction Supervision and Inspection E
AND M AINTENANCE
• Expands and rewrites the Maintenance Inspection and Rating chapter into three
chapters: Bridge Inspection, Steel Bridge Evaluation and Rating, and Concrete Bridge
Evaluation and Rating; and the Strengthening and Rehabilitation chapter into two
chapters: Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Highway Bridge Superstructures, S
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and Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks C
O EDITED BY
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This text is an ideal reference for practicing bridge D
engineers and consultants (design, construction, K12392 ED Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
maintenance), and can also be used as a reference IT
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for students in bridge engineering courses. O
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Bridge Engineering Handbook
SECOND EDITION
construction
and maintenance
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Fundamentals
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Superstructure Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Substructure Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Seismic Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance
Bridge Engineering Handbook
SECOND EDITION
construction
and m aintena nce
Edited by
Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Foreword ..................................................................................................................vii
Preface to the Second Edition ..................................................................................ix
Preface to the First Edition ......................................................................................xi
Editors. ................................................................................................................... xiii
Contributors ............................................................................................................xv
1 Steel Bridge Construction .................................................................................1
Jackson Durkee
2 Steel Bridge Fabrication ..................................................................................51
Ronnie Medlock
3 Concrete Bridge Construction ........................................................................67
Simon A. Blank, Michael M. Blank, and Hamid Kondazi
4 Cable-Supported Bridge Construction ...........................................................85
Junfeng Shi, Tianqing Yu, Yaodong Liu, Yinghua Bai, and Rui Xiong
5 Cable Force Adjustment and Construction Control .................................... 113
Dajian Han and Quansheng Yan
6 Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges .................................................. 137
Ben C. Gerwick Jr.
7 Accelerated Bridge Construction. ................................................................. 175
Benjamin MengPoh Tang
8 Bridge Construction Supervision and Inspection. .......................................207
Zhihu Cheng
9 Bridge Management Using Pontis and Improved Concepts ........................ 233
Gongkang Fu and Dinesh Devaraj
10 Bridge Health Monitoring .............................................................................247
Dan M. Frangopol and Sunyong Kim
11 Bridge Maintenance ......................................................................................269
Sreenivas Alampalli
v
vi Contents
12 Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for Bridge Elements. .......................... 301
Glenn Washer
13 Bridge Inspection .......................................................................................... 337
Joyce E. Copelan
14 Steel Bridge Evaluation and Rating .............................................................. 351
Yi Edward Zhou
15 Concrete Bridge Evaluation and Rating ....................................................... 381
Murugesu Vinayagamoorthy and Richard Tsang
16 Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Highway Bridge Superstructures ......443
Xiaohua Cheng, Lian Duan, and Walid S. Najjar
17 Rehabilitation of Strengthening of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks ........... 491
Chitoshi Miki and Hisatada Suganuma
18 Life-Cycle Performance Analysis and Optimization ................................... 539
Dan M. Frangopol and Sunyong Kim
19 Bridge Construction Methods ......................................................................569
Mourad M. Bakhoum
Foreword
Throughout the history of civilization bridges have been the icons of cities, regions, and countries. All
bridges are useful for transportation, commerce, and war. Bridges are necessary for civilization to exist,
and many bridges are beautiful. A few have become the symbols of the best, noblest, and most beautiful
that mankind has achieved. The secrets of the design and construction of the ancient bridges have been
lost, but how could one not marvel at the magnificence, for example, of the Roman viaducts?
The second edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook expands and updates the previous edition
by including the new developments of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Modern bridge
engineering has its roots in the nineteenth century, when wrought iron, steel, and reinforced c oncrete
began to compete with timber, stone, and brick bridges. By the beginning of World War II, the
transportation infrastructure of Europe and North America was essentially complete, and it served to
sustain civilization as we know it. The iconic bridge symbols of modern cities were in place: Golden Gate
Bridge of San Francisco, Brooklyn Bridge, London Bridge, Eads Bridge of St. Louis, and the bridges of
Paris, Lisbon, and the bridges on the Rhine and the Danube. Budapest, my birthplace, had seven beauti-
ful bridges across the Danube. Bridge engineering had reached its golden age, and what more and better
could be attained than that which was already achieved?
Then came World War II, and most bridges on the European continent were destroyed. All seven
bridges of Budapest were blown apart by January 1945. Bridge engineers after the war were suddenly
forced to start to rebuild with scant resources and with open minds. A renaissance of bridge engineering
started in Europe, then spreading to America, Japan, China, and advancing to who knows where in
the world, maybe Siberia, Africa? It just keeps going! The past 60 years of bridge engineering have
brought us many new forms of bridge architecture (plate girder bridges, cable stayed bridges, segmen-
tal prestressed concrete bridges, composite bridges), and longer spans. Meanwhile enormous knowl-
edge and experience have been amassed by the profession, and progress has benefitted greatly by the
availability of the digital computer. The purpose of the Bridge Engineering Handbook is to bring much of
this knowledge and experience to the bridge engineering community of the world. The contents encom-
pass the whole s pectrum of the life cycle of the bridge, from conception to demolition.
The editors have convinced 146 experts from many parts of the world to contribute their knowledge
and to share the secrets of their successful and unsuccessful experiences. Despite all that is known, there
are still failures: engineers are human, they make errors; nature is capricious, it brings unexpected sur-
prises! But bridge engineers learn from failures, and even errors help to foster progress.
The Bridge Engineering Handbook, second edition consists of five books:
Fundamentals
Superstructure Design
Substructure Design
Seismic Design
Construction and Maintenance
vii
viii Foreword
Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, and Substructure Design present the many topics necessary
for planning and designing modern bridges of all types, made of many kinds of materials and systems,
and subject to the typical loads and environmental effects. Seismic Design and Construction and
Maintenance recognize the importance that bridges in parts of the world where there is a chance of
earthquake o ccurrences must survive such an event, and that they need inspection, maintenance, and
possible repair throughout their intended life span. Seismic events require that a bridge sustain repeated
dynamic load cycles without functional failure because it must be part of the postearthquake lifeline for
the affected area. Construction and Maintenance touches on the many very important aspects of bridge
management that become more and more important as the world’s bridge inventory ages.
The editors of the Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition are to be highly commended for
undertaking this effort for the benefit of the world’s bridge engineers. The enduring result will be a safer
and more cost effective family of bridges and bridge systems. I thank them for their effort, and I also
thank the 146 contributors.
Theodore V. Galambos, PE
Emeritus professor of structural engineering
University of Minnesota
Preface to the
Second Edition
In the approximately 13 years since the original edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook was p ublished
in 2000, we have received numerous letters, e-mails, and reviews from readers including e ducators and
practitioners commenting on the handbook and suggesting how it could be improved. We have also
built up a large file of ideas based on our own experiences. With the aid of all this information, we have
completely revised and updated the handbook. In writing this Preface to the Second Edition, we assume
readers have read the original Preface. Following its tradition, the second edition handbook stresses
professional applications and practical solutions; describes the basic concepts and assumptions omitting
the derivations of formulas and theories; emphasizes seismic design, rehabilitation, retrofit and main-
tenance; covers traditional and new, innovative practices; provides over 2500 tables, charts, and illus-
trations in ready-to-use format and an abundance of worked-out examples giving readers step-by-step
design procedures. The most significant changes in this second edition are as follows:
• The handbook of 89 chapters is published in five books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design,
Substructure Design, Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance.
• Fundamentals, with 22 chapters, combines Section I, Fundamentals, and Section VI, Special
Topics, of the original edition and covers the basic concepts, theory and special topics of bridge
engineering. Seven new chapters are Finite Element Method, High-Speed Railway Bridges,
Structural Performance Indicators for Bridges, Concrete Design, Steel Design, High Performance
Steel, and Design and Damage Evaluation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact
Loading. Three chapters including Conceptual Design, Bridge Aesthetics: Achieving Structural
Art in Bridge Design, and Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Bridges, are completely
rewritten. Three special topic chapters, Weigh-In-Motion Measurement of Trucks on Bridges,
Impact Effect of Moving Vehicles, and Active Control on Bridge Engineering, were deleted.
• Superstructure Design, with 19 chapters, provides information on how to design all types of bridges.
Two new chapters are Extradosed Bridges and Stress Ribbon Pedestrian Bridges. The Prestressed
Concrete Girder Bridges chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Precast–Pretensioned
Concrete Girder Bridges and Cast-In-Place Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges.
The Bridge Decks and Approach Slabs chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Concrete
Decks and Approach Slabs. Seven chapters, including Segmental Concrete Bridges, Composite
Steel I-Girder Bridges, Composite Steel Box Girder Bridges, Arch Bridges, Cable-Stayed Bridges,
Orthotropic Steel Decks, and Railings, are completely rewritten. The c hapter Reinforced Concrete
Girder Bridges was deleted because it is rarely used in modern time.
• Substructure Design has 11 chapters and addresses the various substructure components. A new
chapter, Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation, is added. The Geotechnical Consideration
chapter is completely rewritten and retitled as Ground Investigation. The Abutments and
ix