Breakdown in Human Adaptation to ‘Stress’: Towards a multidisciplinary approach Volume I PDF
Preview Breakdown in Human Adaptation to ‘Stress’: Towards a multidisciplinary approach Volume I
BREAKDOWN IN HUMAN ADAPTATION TO 'STRESS' VOLUME I BREAKDOWN IN HUMAN ADAPTATION TO 'STRESS' Towards a multidisciplinary approach VOLUME I Part 1: Psychological and sociological parameters for studies of breakdown in human adaptation J. Cullen and J. Siegrist (editors) Part 2: Human performance and breakdown in adaptation H.M. Wegmann (editor) VOLUME II Part 3: Psychoneuroimmunology and breakdown in adaptation: interactions within the central nervous system, the im mune and endocrine systems R.E. Ballieux (editor) Part 4: Breakdown in human adaptation and gastrointestinal dysfunction: clinical, biochemical and psychobiological aspects J.F. Fielding (editor) Part 5: Acute effect of psychological stress on the cardiovas cular system: Models and clinical assessment A. L'Abbate (editor) Compendium of papers presented in workshops sponsored by the Commis sion of the European Communities as advised by the Committee on Medical and Public Health Research. (Dublin, Ireland (Dec. 1982), Utrecht, the Netherlands (Dec. 1982), Koln, FRG (Jan. 1983), Bad Homburg, FRG (Feb. 1983), Dublin, Ireland (March 1983) and Pisa, Italy (April, 1983)) BREAKDOWN IN HUMAN ADAPTATION TO 'STRESS' Towards a multidisciplinary approach VOLUME I Part 1: Psychological and sociological parameters for studies of breakdown in human adaptation J. Cullen and J. Siegrist (editors) Health Care and Psychosomatic Unit, Dublin, Ireland Dept. of Medical Sociology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany Part 2: Human performance and breakdown in adaptation H.M. Wegmann (editor) Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany 1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS .... 1111 a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP BOSTON I THE HAGUE I DORDRECHT I LANCASTER .'1IIIIIIII for THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O.Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Breakdown in human adaptation to "stress." "Compendium of papers presented in workshops sponsored by the Commission of the European Communi ties as advised by the Cammi ttee on Medical and Public Health Research. (Dublin, Ireland (Dec. 1982), Utrecht, the Netherlands (Dec. 1982), Kaln, FRG (Jan. 1983), Bad Hamberg, FRG (Feb. 1983), Dublin, Ireland (March 1983), and Pisa, Italy (April 1983»" Vol. 2. edi te:d by R. E. Ballieux, J. F. Fielding, and A. L'Abbate. Contents: v. 1. pt. 1. Psychological and sociological parameters for studies of breakdown in human adaptation / J. Cullen and J. Siegrist, editors. pt. 2. Human perform ance and breakdown in adaptation / H.M. Wegmann, editor -- v. 2. pt. 3. Psychonenroimmunology and breakdown in adaptation / R.E. Ballieux, editor -- [etc.] 1. Medicine, Psychosomatic--Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Adaptation (Physiology)--Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Stress (PsYChology)--Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Cullen, John H. II. Ballieux, R.E. III. Commission of the European Communi ties. IV. Commission of the European Communi ties. Committee on Medical and Public Health Research. [DNLM: 1. Stress, Psychological- Complications--Congresses. 2. Adaptation, Psychological --Congresses. 3. Disease--Etiology--Congresses. WM 172 B828 1982-82] Rc49.B727 1983 616.08 83-19333 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7974-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3283-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3283-8 Book information Publication arranged by: Commission of the European Communities, Direc torate-General Information Market and Innovation, Luxembourg Copyright/legal notice © 1984 by ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA. Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. v PREFACE The widespread interest in "stressful" aspects of contemporary society which contribute to its burden of illness and diseases (e.g. gastro intestinal, cardiovascular) has led to a large number of state ments and reports which relate the manifestations to a maladaptation of the individual. Furthermore, recent research suggests that under some condi tions stress may have a more generalized effect of decreasing the body's ability to combat destructive forces and expose it to a variety of diseases. Breakdown in adaptation occurs when an individual cannot cope with demands inherent in his environment. These may be due to an excessive mental or physical load, including factors of a social or psychological nature and task performance requirements ranging from those which are monotonous, simple and repetitive to complex, fast, decision-taking ones. Experience shows however that not all people placed under the same condi tions suffer similarly, and it follows that to the social and psychological environment should be added a genetic factor influencing, through the brain, the responses of individuals. It is clear that, besides human suffering, this "breakdown in adaptation" causes massive losses of revenue to industry and national health authorities. Thus a reduction in "stress", before "breakdown" occurs, or an improvement in coping with it would be very valuable. An area of the Commission of the European Communi ties mul tiannual coordination programme in Medical and Public Health research considers "breakdown in human adaptation" occurring when facing the industrial life style in countries of the European Community or a too rapid change of the urban/industrial environment. The problem is of great economic importance from the points of view of industrial productivity, movement of workers and health care of all the population. VI The principal aim of the programme is to determine a series of mea surable parameters which could indicate, first a-posteriori but then a-priori the tendency or initiation of breakdown in adaptation and the form it may take if no counter measure was introduced. Such a programme, it is hoped, could contribute to a wider integration of European know how, promote a better understanding of biological parameters underlying organic correlates of stress, and lead eventually to applied routine pro cedures. Harmonized and standardized measurements would give values for parameters from various laboratories in the European Community; these will be compared, integrated in a wider context and, results fed back at regular intervals to scientists taking part in the exercise for discus sion and interpretation. The broad outline of this programme calls for stUdies to: 1.- Investigate, simultaneously if possible, the sociological, psycholo gical and endocrinological factors which may indicate "high risk groups" among the population, 2.- Develop reliable but relatively simple indicators which will allow the identification of persons likely to suffer a breakdown in adapta tion, 3.- Establish the mechanisms by which certain factors lead to a higher risk in adaptive breakdown and the mani festati ons of performance, cardiovascular and gastro intestinal dysfunction, 4.- Use the information gathered to establish situations which will avoid or minimize breakdown in adaptation. It is evident that to be successful, the combined expertise of researchers in biology, biochemistry, physiology, sociology, psychology, epidemiology and clinical sciences would be required. Through coordinat ed studies, these scientists could adapt and compare methods, follow results and test hypotheses since standardized or at least harmonized protocols would have been used by the various disciplines. This coordina tion will, it is hoped, allow the identification of real gaps and make specific recommendations as research develops to achieve the aims stated. VII In this context one should mention studies to determine whether or not different categories or causes of adaptive breakdown are selectively correlated with pathogenic tendencies at the level of specific organs. The answer to this question would greatly facili tate the assessment of the relevancy of specific versus non specific organic markers of poten tial diseases. Finally, because the programme would be directed towards one single but crucial goal with a well coordinated multinational and interdiscipli nary approach, it is hoped to establish firm, productive and long last ing links between scientists, in Europe and elsewhere. The publications in this series stem from a number of workshops held in 1982-1983 under the auspice of the Commission of the European Communities in the framework of the above mentioned programme, as advised by the Committee for Medical and Public Health Research. These are not proceedings, but a compendium of recent overviews, in some cases examples of methods, and reports on specific topics, or approaches used or envisaged in the various disciplines where there could be fruitful collaboration in the overall study of breakdown in human adaptation to some stressful conditions. The purpose is to help identify important problems, indicate interdisciplinary research possibi Ii ties offered and through the references quoted make available sources of further information on methods and aspects outside the normal speci fic field of the scientist concerned. The separation into five parts each dealing more specifically with one aspect is only done for the ease of the reader and the publication should be considered as a whole. The Commission of the European Communi ties and its Committee for Medical and Public Health Research wish to thank all those who contribut ed through their participation in the elaboration of this programme and the organization of the meetings. IX TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I PART 1 - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR STUDIES OF BREAKDOIVN IN HlWlAN ADAPTATION I. GENERAL OVERVIEVlS Towards a taxonomy of methods: a general overview of psycholo gical approaches in the study of breakdown of human adaptation J. Cullen 3 Psychological field study techniques: overview and needs D. Broadbent 38 Psychological field study techniques: a critical evaluation Katherine R. Parkes 53 Sociological parameters in studies of breakdown: a selective overview J. Siegrist, Karin Siegri st and 1. "I!;Teber 61 Use of psychological indices in epidemiological studies: over view and needs C.D. Jenkins 83 Stressful life events and illness: a review with special refe rence to a criticism of the life-event method J. Aagaard 98 II. CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES A lifetime prospective study of human adaptation and health M.E.J. vladsworth 122 Psychosocial and psychophysiological factors in the design and the evaluation of working conditions within health care systems T. Cox 135 The relation of social to pathophysiological processes: evidence from epidemiological studies M.G. Marmot 144 Unemployment and health: a review of methodology S.C. Farrow 149 x Ontogenetic development and breakdown in adaptation: a review on psychosocial factors contributing to the development of myocardial infarction, and a description of a research program P. Falger, A. Appels and R. Lulofs 159 Physiological issues in establishing links between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular illness T. Theorell 188 '.vhi te collar occupation and coronary prone behaviour J. Siegrist 198 III. HETHODS Psychological methods: an overview of clinical applications A. Steptoe 208 Psychological factors in the breakdown of human adaptation: some methodological issues C. Hackay 219 Monitoring signs of decrease in human adaptation: use of quan titative measures available in official statistics T. Theorell 241 Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE) J. Siegrist and K.H. Dittmann 251 The Norwegian female climacteric project (VOS) Aslaug Mikkelsen and A. Holte 257 Questionnaire for organisational stress (VOS) N. van Dijkhuiz2n 262 A scale for measuring the marital relationship among males M. 'I"lal tz 267 PART 2 - Htn1AN PERFORMANCE AND BREAKDOVJN IN ADAPTATION Human performance in transport operations: introductory remarks H.B. vlegmann 275 XI I. AIR TRANSPORT Air crew workload S.R. Mohler and H.D. Nichamin 279 Safety, individual performance and mental workload in air transport: Oedipus as Icarus Patricia Shipley 285 Stress management in air transport operations: beyond alcohol and drugs F.H. Hawkins 305 Reasons for eliminating the "age 60" regulation for airline pilots S.R. Mohler 322 Human factors education in European air transport operations F.H. Hawkins 329 II. ROAD TRANSPORT Behaviour research in road traffic J. Moraal and J.B.J. Riemersma 363 Some theoretical considerations on accident research M.L.I. Pokorny and D.H.J. Blom 374 Accident of bus drivers - practical and methodological probl~s D.H.J. Blom and M.L.I. Pokorny 385 Effects of alcohol on driving performance: a critical look on the epidemiological, experimental and psychosocial approaches E.A. Sand 394 Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehiCle drivers M. Lemke 409 III. SEA TRANSPORT Human performance in seafaring A. Low and H. Goethe 422 Stress factors and countermeasures in navigation G. Athanassenas 449
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