Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity PDF
Preview Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity
BRASSINOSTEROIDS BRASSINOSTEROIDS Bioactivity and Crop Productivity Edited by S. HAYAT Department of Botany, Aligarth Muslim University, India and A. AHMAD Department of Botany, Aligarth Muslim University, India SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6464-6 ISBN 978-94-017-0948-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0948-4 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ©2003Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Dedicated to the memory of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, founder of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Contents Preface ix Contributors xi 1. The chemical structures and occurrence of brassinosteroids in plants 1 Andrzej Bajguz and Andrzej Tretyn 2. Selected physiological responses of brassinosteroids: A historical approach 45 Julie C astle, Te resa Mon toya a nd Gerar d J.Bisho p 3. Recent progress in brassinosteroid research: Hormone perception and signal transduction 69 Martin Fellner 4. Synthesis and practical applications of brassinosteroid analogs 87 Miriam Núñez Vázquez, Caridad Robaina Rodríguez and Francisco Coll Manchado 5. Brassinosteroids promote seed germination 119 Gerhard Leubner-Metzger 6. Brassinosteroid-driven modulation of stem elongation and apical dominance: Applications in micropropagation 129 Adaucto B. Pereira-Netto, Silvia Schaefer, Lydia R. Galagovsky and Javier A. Ramirez 7. Studies on physiological action and application of 24-epibrassinolide in agriculture 159 Zhao Yu Ju and Chen Ji-chu 8. Brassinosteroids and brassinosteroid analogues inclusion complexes in cyclodextrins 171 Marco António Teixeira Zullo and Mariangela de Burgos Martins de Azevedo 9. New practical aspects of brassinosteroids and results of their ten-year agricultural use in Russia and Belarus 189 Vladimir A. Khripach, Vladimir N. Zhabinskii and Nataliya B. Khripach 10. Brassinosteroids: A regulator of 21st century 231 S.Hayat, A.Ahmad and Q.Fariduddin PREFACE The entire range of the developmental processes in plants is regulated by the shift in the hormonal concentration, tissue sensitivity and their interaction with the factors operating around the plants. Out of the recognized hormones, attention has largely been focused on five (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid and Ethylene). However, in this book, the information about the most recent group of phytohormones (Brassinosteroids) has been compiled by us. It is a class of over 40 polyhydroxylated sterol derivatives, ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. A large portion of these steroids is restricted to the reproductive organs (pollens and immature seeds). Moreover, their strong growth-inducing capacity, recognized as early as prior to their identification in 1979, tempted the scientists to visualize the practical importance of this group of phytohormones. The brassin solution, from rape pollen, was used in a collaborative project by the scientists of Brazil and U.S.A. in a pre- sowing seed treatment to augment the yield. This was followed by large-scale scientific programmes in U.S., Japan, China, Germany and erstwhile U.S.S.R., after the isolation of the brassinosteroids. This approach suits best in today’s context where plants are targeted only as producers and hormones are employed to get desired results. Chapter 1 of this book (which embodies a total of 10 chapters), gives a comprehensive survey of the hitherto known brassinosteroids, isolated from lower and higher plants. Chapter 2 deals with the history of brassinosteroids with a physiological approach. The recent progress in brassinosteroid research in relation to hormone perception and signal transduction is discussed in Chapter 3. A summarized version of the synthesis of several brassinosteroid analogs with structural variations, compared with available steroids such as diosgenin, hecogenis, solasodine, solanidine and bile acids comprises Chapter 4. Besides this, the main results relating to the application of these novel phytohormones to plants under field conditions have also been discussed. The use of brassinosteroids in seed germination is documented in Chapter 5. The successful utilization of desired brassinosteroids in the in vitro propagation of plants and their parts to manipulate the desired exposures has been explained in Chapter 6. The possible mechanism of action and practical applicability of 24-epibrassinolide, in agriculture, is covered in Chapter 7. An approach for enhancing the biological activity of a brassinosteroid by involving its administration, as a guest, in an inclusion complex of plant growth inactive compound, has been described in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 includes a summary of the results of field-grown crops supplemented with brassinosteroids, obtained during ten years by agricultural scientists of Russia and Belarus. Lastly, Chapter 10 covers some important aspects of plant metabolism that determine crop productivity under the influence of brassinosteroids. This book is not an encyclopedic review. However the various chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects and may serve as baseline information for future researches through which significant developments are possible. It is intended that this book will be useful to students, teachers and researchers, both in universities and research institutes, especially in relation to biological and agricultural sciences. With great pleasure, we extend our sincere thanks to all the contributors for their timely response, their excellent and up-to-date contributions and consistent ix x support and cooperation. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Professor M.M.R.K. Afridi who introduced us with this discipline and has been a great source of inspiration. Special thanks are extended to Dr. B.N. Vyas, General Manager, Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Mumbai, India, who was instrumental in leading us into this field of research by gifting generous samples of 28-homobrassinolide. We are also thankful to our departmental colleagues who helped us in the preparation of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr. M. Shakir who spent considerable time at the computer for proper formatting of various chapters. We gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and support of Mr. Naseem Ahmad, I.A.S., Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University, during the preparation of the manuscript. We are extremely thankful to Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands for expeditious acceptance of our proposal and completion of the review process. Subsequent cooperation and understanding of their staff, especially Dr. J.A.C. Flipsen and Ms. Noeline Gibson is also gratefully acknowledged. We express our sincere thanks to the members of our family for all the support they provided and the neglect and loss they suffered during the preparation of this book. Finally, we are thankful to the Almighty God who provided and guided all the channels to work in cohesion and coordination right from the conception of the idea to the development of the final version of this treatise Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity, until the successful completion of the job. S. Hayat A. Ahmad Contributors A.Ahmad Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, INDIA Mariangela de Burgos Martins de Azevedo STQ - Scientia Tecnologia Química, CIETEC - Centro Incubador de Empresas Tecnológicas, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária USP, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP. BRAZIL. Andrzej Bajguz University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Swierkowa 20 B, 15-950 Bialystok, POLAND Gerard J.Bishop Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY 23 3DA, Wales, U.K. Julie Castle Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY 23 3DA, Wales, U.K. Chen Ji-chu Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology,Academia,Sinica,Shanghai,CHINA Q.Fariduddin Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, INDIA Martin Fellner* University of Washington, Department of Botany, 407 Hitchcock Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Lydia R. Galagovsky Department of Botany-SCB, Centro Politecnico-UFPR, CP. 19031 Curitibia, PR-BRAZIL S.Hayat Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, INDIA Vladimir A. Khripach Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, BELARUS xi xii Nataliya B. Khripach Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, BELARUS Gerhard Leubner-Metzger Institut für Biologie II, Botanik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., GERMANY Francisco Coll Manchado Centro de Estudios de Productos Naturales. Facultad de Química. Universidad de La Habana. Zapata y G. Vedado. C.P. 10 400. Ciudad de la Habana. CUBA Teresa Montoya Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY 23 3DA, Wales, U.K. Adaucto B. Pereira-Netto Department of Botany-SCB, Centro Politecnico-UFPR, CP. 19031 Curitibia, PR-BRAZIL Javier A. Ramirez Department of Botany-SCB, Centro Politecnico-UFPR, CP. 19031 Curitibia, PR-BRAZIL Caridad Robaina Rodríguez Centro de Estudios de Productos Naturales. Facultad de Química. Universidad de La Habana. Zapata y G. Vedado. C.P. 10 400. Ciudad de la Habana. CUBA Silvia Schaefer Department of Botany-SCB, Centro Politecnico-UFPR, CP. 19031 Curitibia, PR-BRAZIL Andrzej Tretyn Nicholas Copernicus University, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Torun, POLAND Miriam Núñez Vázquez Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas. Gaveta Postal No. 1. San José de las Lajas. C.P. 32 700. La Habana. CUBA. Vladimir N. Zhabinskii Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, BELARUS xiii Zhao Yu Ju Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology,Academia,Sinica,Shanghai,CHINA Marco António Teixeira Zullo Instituto Agronômico, Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Caixa Postal 28, 13001- 970 Campinas, SP, BRAZIL *Present address: Institute of Experimental Botany,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, CZECH REPUBLIC E-mail: [email protected]
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