Brain Mapping - The Systems - A. Toga, J. Mazziotta (AP, 2000) WW

650 Pages·2000·82.37 MB·English

Contributors

Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the
authors' contributions begin.

Eric T. Ahrens
(561)

Beckman Institute, California Institute for Technology,
Pasadena, California 91125

Jean-Claude Baron
(591)

INSERM U320, University of Caen, 14074 Caen,
France

Jeffrey R. Binder
(365)

Department of Neurology, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226

Jonathan Blumenthal
(561)

Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Marie-Francois Chesselet
(177)

Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California 90024

Francois Chollet
(621)

INSERM U455 and Department of Neurology, Purpan
Hospital, Cedex 31059, Toulouse, France

Antonio Damasio
(425)

Department of Neurology, College of Medicine,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242

Alan Evans (141)

Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and
Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurologic
Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ
H3A 2B4, Canada

Peter Fox
(141)

Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry,
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas
Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio,
Texas 78284

Hans-Joachim Freund
(291)

Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University,
Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany

Jay N. Giedd
(561)

Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Thomas J. Grabowski
(425)

Department of Neurology, College of Medicine,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242

Scott T. Grafton
(331)

Departments of Neurology and Radiology and the
Emory PET Center, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322

Riitta Hari
(331)

Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature
Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo,
Finland

Marco lacaboni
(463, 523)

Division of Brain Mapping, Neuropsychiatric
Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California 90095

Martinlngvar
(111)

Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska
Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm,
Sweden

Russell E. Jacobs
(561)

Beckman Institute, California Institute for Technology,
Pasadena, California 91125

Marilyn Jones-Gotman
(365)

Department of Neuropsychology, Montreal Neurology
Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ
H3A 2B4, Canada

Stephen M. Kosslyn (535)

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Jack Lancaster
(141)

Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry,
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas
Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio,
Texas 78284

ix

x
Contributors

Helen S. Mayberg
(491)

Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto,
Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada; and Research Imaging
Center, University of Texas Health Science Center,
San Antonio, Texas 78284

John C. Mazziotta
(141)

Department of Neurology, Brain Mapping Center,
UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California 90095

Scott McGinnis
(491)

Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284

Karl MagnusPetersson
(111)

Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska
Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

M. Petrides
(159)

Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological
Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ
H3A 2B4, Canada

Marcus E. Raichle
(33)

Department of Radiology, Neurology, & Neurobiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri 63110

Stephan Salenius
(331)

Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory,
Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

Jeremy D. Schmahmann
(207)

Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School;
and Ataxia Unit, Cognitive/Behavioral Neurology
Unit, Geriatric Neurobehavior Unit, Stroke Service,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts 02114

Alfons Schnitzler
(291)

Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University,
Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany

R0diger J. Seitz (291)

Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University,
Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany

Larry W. Swanson
(77)

The Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089

Paul M. Thompson
(3)

Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of
Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA School
of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095

William L. Thompson
(535)

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Arthur W. Toga
(3, 141)

Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of
Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA
School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California 90095

Hanneke van Mier
(605)

Department of Radiology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110

John D. G. Watson
(263)

Department of Medicine, University of Sydney;
and Neuropsychology Unit, Royal Price
Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050,
Australia

Roger Woods
(141)

Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology,
Division of Brain Mapping, Neuropsychiatric
Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California 90024

Robert R. Zatorre
(365, 403)

Department of Neuropsychology, Montreal Neurology
Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ
H3A 2B4, Canada

Preface

Brain mapping has forever altered and extended our

understanding of the systems of the brain. The integra-
tive capacity of brain maps enables the inclusion of a di-
verse array of observations and experimental results.
Maps are used to describe brain structure, function, and
connectivity. They are used to catalog the vast and ever
expanding knowledge base of human and animal ner-
vous systems. There are maps of health and disease.
There are maps of whole populations and maps con-
taining unprecedented details of subsystems and cir-
cuits. More and more brain research utilizes and relies
on such maps to guide or report results. The technology
for visually, statistically, and electronically comparing,
contrasting, and examining these maps has made them
invaluable archives of brain structure and function.
Maps provide a unique and critical tool with which to
integrate disparate information about the brain.

Although there are new journals and several books

that include mapping as their raison d'atre, there is cur-
rently no single compilation of the current research and
development in brain mapping. This book, the second in
a series, provides an encyclopedic survey of brain maps
as they characterize the specific systems of the brain. It
is a natural companion to Brain Mapping: The Methods
because it describes the application of those techniques
to create the maps.

There are many different types of maps and different

ways of organizing them. This book provides a survey of
the field. Some of the maps described herein are ma-
ture, with many techniques confirming and comple-
menting the others. Some of the maps are new and ex-
citing descriptions of specific systems in the brain but
remain in development and are, in some cases, contro-
versial. Each chapter includes a spectrum of brain map-
ping methods in the description of the system under

review. Each provides a background and history Nu-
merous illustrations attesting to the diversity and utility
of these maps are included.

We organized the chapters to reflect their different

emphases: structural, functional, and dynamic pro-
cesses. The book achieves a natural progression from
the underlying anatomic framework for mapping pri-
mary functional systems to more complex cognitive and
emotional behaviors. An introductory section provides
an overview and chronological perspective of the field.

The first section of this book, Types of Maps, intro-

duces the reader to the field and the use of brain map-
ping to investigate systems of the brain. An introduc-
tion, histories of anatomical and functional brain
mapping, and overall coverage of functional and proba-
bilistic maps are included here. The second section,
called Anatomical Maps, includes chapters that describe
the cortex, subcortical nuclei, and the cerebellum. Func-
tional Maps, the third section, is divided into primary
and complex functional systems to reflect the differ-
ences in how the experiments are conducted and the
data organized to produce a map. In Primary Functional
Systems, the visual, somatosensory, motor, auditory, and
olfactory/gustatory systems are described. Complex
Functional Systems includes chapters on language, at-
tention, memory, emotion, cognition, and imagination.
Finally, a section titled Dynamic Maps contains chapters
describing changes in the brain as a consequence of de-
velopment, aging, learning, and plasticity.

This book, like its predecessor Brain Mapping: The

Methods, will be a resource for all scientists, clinicians,
and students involved or interested in brain mapping.

Arthur W. Toga

John C. Mazziotta

xi

Acknowledgments

The development of a book such as this tends to

take on a character and flavor of its own. Perhaps an
editor's responsibility is similar to a chef's, adding a
little of this here and a little of that there, with the hope
that the end result is an appropriate balance. To all the
people who touched this project, either with a gentle in-
fluence or with a more dramatic effect, thanks. It all
helped. To the contributors, who did the most, your re-
search and writing are most appreciated, not just by me
but by the readers especially. Thanks also for your pa-
tience. Cooking up a book like this takes time. Some
things took a long while and others had to be done
quickly, but they all added equally to the finished prod-
uct. Aside from the contributing authors, who deserve
my sincerest thanks, many people need recognition
here. I owe gratitude to my administrative staff, Lidia
Uce and Neli Hamlin, my graphics and illustration
team, Andrew Lee and John Bachelor, the staff of the
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, and my students and
colleagues. You all know how you helped, thanks. Jasna
Markovac at Academic Press was tireless in all aspects
of this project. Thanks for your understanding and for-
bearance. Lots of science is included in this book, and
the funding agencies that supported my laboratory de-
serve credit, too. The National Science Foundation
(DBI 9601356), the National Center for Research Re-
sources (RR 13642), the National Institute for Neuro-
logical Diseases and Stroke (NS 38753), the National
Library of Medicine (LM05639), and the Human Brain
Project funded jointly by the National Institute of Men-
tal Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse
(MH/DA52176) all provided support.

Usually, I write and edit at home, particularly on

weekends. That sometimes places a special burden on
my family--missed soccer games and an absorbed, pre-

occupied countenance. Some of that had to do with this
book. You all must be getting used to it by now. My wife,
Debbie, and my children, Nicholas, Elizabeth, and Re-
becca, are the best.

Arthur W. Toga

Los Angeles, California

There are always many people to thank for a project

of this magnitude, particularly because it has been such
a group effort. The participating authors made every at-
tempt to provide the latest and best information on
their topics and have done an admirable job in this ca-
pacity. Special thanks are certainly required to our pub-
lisher, Academic Press, and, in particular, Jasna Marko-
vac, Ph.D., whose tireless efforts kept this project on
track, irrespective of obstacles or distractions that the
editors placed in the way. Her staff, Leticia Lara and
Jennifer Wrenn, should also be thanked for their track-
ing of the project and frequent gentle, and not so gentle,
reminders. My own staff, including Palma Piccioni,
Leona Mattoni, and Laurie Carr, coordinated specific
aspects of this project from my office and I greatly ap-
preciate their help throughout the entire process. I
thank my colleagues in the UCLA Brain Mapping Cen-
ter for their patience and the generous donors and
foundations that have provided support for the scien-
tific endeavors that have led to much of the work de-
scribed in this text. I specifically thank Jon and Lillian
Lovelace and the Pierson-Lovelace Foundation, Kath-
leen and Robert Ahmanson and The Ahmanson Foun-
dation, Dr. Jerome and Judy Tamkin and the Tamkin
Foundation, and Jennifer Jones-Simon and the Simon
Foundation. Without the generous and farsighted sup-
port of these individuals and groups, I would never have

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