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Brain Mapping - The Systems - A. Toga, J. Mazziotta (AP, 2000) WW PDF

650 Pages·2000·82.37 MB·English
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Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Eric T. Ahrens (561) Beckman Institute, California Institute for Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Jean-Claude Baron (591) INSERM U320, University of Caen, 14074 Caen, France Jeffrey R. Binder (365) Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 Jonathan Blumenthal (561) Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Marie-Francois Chesselet (177) Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 Francois Chollet (621) INSERM U455 and Department of Neurology, Purpan Hospital, Cedex 31059, Toulouse, France Antonio Damasio (425) Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Alan Evans (141) Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurologic Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada Peter Fox (141) Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry, Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284 Hans-Joachim Freund (291) Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany Jay N. Giedd (561) Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Thomas J. Grabowski (425) Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Scott T. Grafton (331) Departments of Neurology and Radiology and the Emory PET Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Riitta Hari (331) Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland Marco lacaboni (463, 523) Division of Brain Mapping, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 Martinlngvar (111) Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Russell E. Jacobs (561) Beckman Institute, California Institute for Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Marilyn Jones-Gotman (365) Department of Neuropsychology, Montreal Neurology Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada Stephen M. Kosslyn (535) Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Jack Lancaster (141) Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry, Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284 ix x Contributors Helen S. Mayberg (491) Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada; and Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284 John C. Mazziotta (141) Department of Neurology, Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 Scott McGinnis (491) Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78284 Karl MagnusPetersson (111) Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden M. Petrides (159) Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada Marcus E. Raichle (33) Department of Radiology, Neurology, & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Stephan Salenius (331) Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland Jeremy D. Schmahmann (207) Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; and Ataxia Unit, Cognitive/Behavioral Neurology Unit, Geriatric Neurobehavior Unit, Stroke Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Alfons Schnitzler (291) Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany R0diger J. Seitz (291) Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany Larry W. Swanson (77) The Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 Paul M. Thompson (3) Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 William L. Thompson (535) Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Arthur W. Toga (3, 141) Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 Hanneke van Mier (605) Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 John D. G. Watson (263) Department of Medicine, University of Sydney; and Neuropsychology Unit, Royal Price Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia Roger Woods (141) Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Division of Brain Mapping, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 Robert R. Zatorre (365, 403) Department of Neuropsychology, Montreal Neurology Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada Preface Brain mapping has forever altered and extended our understanding of the systems of the brain. The integra- tive capacity of brain maps enables the inclusion of a di- verse array of observations and experimental results. Maps are used to describe brain structure, function, and connectivity. They are used to catalog the vast and ever expanding knowledge base of human and animal ner- vous systems. There are maps of health and disease. There are maps of whole populations and maps con- taining unprecedented details of subsystems and cir- cuits. More and more brain research utilizes and relies on such maps to guide or report results. The technology for visually, statistically, and electronically comparing, contrasting, and examining these maps has made them invaluable archives of brain structure and function. Maps provide a unique and critical tool with which to integrate disparate information about the brain. Although there are new journals and several books that include mapping as their raison d'atre, there is cur- rently no single compilation of the current research and development in brain mapping. This book, the second in a series, provides an encyclopedic survey of brain maps as they characterize the specific systems of the brain. It is a natural companion to Brain Mapping: The Methods because it describes the application of those techniques to create the maps. There are many different types of maps and different ways of organizing them. This book provides a survey of the field. Some of the maps described herein are ma- ture, with many techniques confirming and comple- menting the others. Some of the maps are new and ex- citing descriptions of specific systems in the brain but remain in development and are, in some cases, contro- versial. Each chapter includes a spectrum of brain map- ping methods in the description of the system under review. Each provides a background and history Nu- merous illustrations attesting to the diversity and utility of these maps are included. We organized the chapters to reflect their different emphases: structural, functional, and dynamic pro- cesses. The book achieves a natural progression from the underlying anatomic framework for mapping pri- mary functional systems to more complex cognitive and emotional behaviors. An introductory section provides an overview and chronological perspective of the field. The first section of this book, Types of Maps, intro- duces the reader to the field and the use of brain map- ping to investigate systems of the brain. An introduc- tion, histories of anatomical and functional brain mapping, and overall coverage of functional and proba- bilistic maps are included here. The second section, called Anatomical Maps, includes chapters that describe the cortex, subcortical nuclei, and the cerebellum. Func- tional Maps, the third section, is divided into primary and complex functional systems to reflect the differ- ences in how the experiments are conducted and the data organized to produce a map. In Primary Functional Systems, the visual, somatosensory, motor, auditory, and olfactory/gustatory systems are described. Complex Functional Systems includes chapters on language, at- tention, memory, emotion, cognition, and imagination. Finally, a section titled Dynamic Maps contains chapters describing changes in the brain as a consequence of de- velopment, aging, learning, and plasticity. This book, like its predecessor Brain Mapping: The Methods, will be a resource for all scientists, clinicians, and students involved or interested in brain mapping. Arthur W. Toga John C. Mazziotta xi Acknowledgments The development of a book such as this tends to take on a character and flavor of its own. Perhaps an editor's responsibility is similar to a chef's, adding a little of this here and a little of that there, with the hope that the end result is an appropriate balance. To all the people who touched this project, either with a gentle in- fluence or with a more dramatic effect, thanks. It all helped. To the contributors, who did the most, your re- search and writing are most appreciated, not just by me but by the readers especially. Thanks also for your pa- tience. Cooking up a book like this takes time. Some things took a long while and others had to be done quickly, but they all added equally to the finished prod- uct. Aside from the contributing authors, who deserve my sincerest thanks, many people need recognition here. I owe gratitude to my administrative staff, Lidia Uce and Neli Hamlin, my graphics and illustration team, Andrew Lee and John Bachelor, the staff of the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, and my students and colleagues. You all know how you helped, thanks. Jasna Markovac at Academic Press was tireless in all aspects of this project. Thanks for your understanding and for- bearance. Lots of science is included in this book, and the funding agencies that supported my laboratory de- serve credit, too. The National Science Foundation (DBI 9601356), the National Center for Research Re- sources (RR 13642), the National Institute for Neuro- logical Diseases and Stroke (NS 38753), the National Library of Medicine (LM05639), and the Human Brain Project funded jointly by the National Institute of Men- tal Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (MH/DA52176) all provided support. Usually, I write and edit at home, particularly on weekends. That sometimes places a special burden on my family--missed soccer games and an absorbed, pre- occupied countenance. Some of that had to do with this book. You all must be getting used to it by now. My wife, Debbie, and my children, Nicholas, Elizabeth, and Re- becca, are the best. Arthur W. Toga Los Angeles, California There are always many people to thank for a project of this magnitude, particularly because it has been such a group effort. The participating authors made every at- tempt to provide the latest and best information on their topics and have done an admirable job in this ca- pacity. Special thanks are certainly required to our pub- lisher, Academic Press, and, in particular, Jasna Marko- vac, Ph.D., whose tireless efforts kept this project on track, irrespective of obstacles or distractions that the editors placed in the way. Her staff, Leticia Lara and Jennifer Wrenn, should also be thanked for their track- ing of the project and frequent gentle, and not so gentle, reminders. My own staff, including Palma Piccioni, Leona Mattoni, and Laurie Carr, coordinated specific aspects of this project from my office and I greatly ap- preciate their help throughout the entire process. I thank my colleagues in the UCLA Brain Mapping Cen- ter for their patience and the generous donors and foundations that have provided support for the scien- tific endeavors that have led to much of the work de- scribed in this text. I specifically thank Jon and Lillian Lovelace and the Pierson-Lovelace Foundation, Kath- leen and Robert Ahmanson and The Ahmanson Foun- dation, Dr. Jerome and Judy Tamkin and the Tamkin Foundation, and Jennifer Jones-Simon and the Simon Foundation. Without the generous and farsighted sup- port of these individuals and groups, I would never have xiii

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