Brain, Decision Making and Mental Health

725 Pages·2023·17.603 MB·English

by  Nima Rezaei

Integrated Science 12
Nima Rezaei   Editor
Brain, Decision
Making and
Mental Health
Integrated Science
Volume 12
Editor-in-Chief
Nima Rezaei , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nima Rezaei
Editor
Brain, Decision Making
and Mental Health
123
Editor
NimaRezaei
UniversalScientificEducationandResearch
Network (USERN)
Stockholm, Sweden
ISSN 2662-9461 ISSN 2662-947X (electronic)
Integrated Science
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This book series would not have been
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encouragement of my family. I dedicate this
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Preface
Youmusthaveseenorheardit,people,withparticularconditions,likeacutesevere
painduetoaccident.Thosewho,untilrightbeforetheaccident,havebeenasource
ofhelpandsafetyforallare,now,physicallyunabletodotheirdailyfunctionsand
havetogethelpfromothers.Theyloveothers;so,theyeatanddrinklittletobother
othersless.Theyareproud;so,theydecidetotalklittletonotshouttheirpaininto
the world. They cannot move their body; so, they remain in bed for hours while
they are not asleep; they are awake, maybe more than ever!
One who cannot decide leaves both his/her own and surroundings in torment.
The above scenario described people with normal brain function, mental health
status, and decision-making capacities who, due to their physical limitations, are
doomedtoendure–andthisenduranceisthehighestsacrifice.Besidesthis,thereare
neuropsychological conditions associated with abnormal brain function, where
decision-making is impaired while the individual has no insight into his/her own
decision and the consequences it might bring about–and this lack of awareness is
understood and respected. But what happens to people who are otherwise physi-
cally healthy that they decide to lose or reduce their degree of freedom and to
capture themselves within their mind–and this self-mind captive is not a gratefully
reply to that one’s sacrifice. It is an unfair deal!
To become agood trader, decision-makingcapacities needtobe developedand
maintained throughout life, for which the brain requires to function properly, to
think optimally, and to adapt contextually. For a twenty-first -century brain to be
wantedbysociety,theabilitytothinkcriticallyandmakedecisionsincomplicated
andcomplexconditionsisrequired,bringingaboutafeelingthatmeanslifequality
and well-being.
Tehran, Iran Nima Rezaei, M.D., Ph.D.
April 2022
AcknowledgmentIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoEditorialAssistantofthisbookseries,
Dr.AmeneSaghazadeh.Withoutadoubt,thebookwouldnothavebeencompletedwithouther
contribution.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction to Brain, Decision-Making, and Mental Health . . . . . 1
Nima Rezaei and Amene Saghazadeh
2 Relational Thinking and the Cultural Conditionality of Human
Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Jana S. Rošker
3 Science and the Spectrum of Critical Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Jeffrey Scheuer
4 Rhetoric and the Stases: A Universal Critical Thinking
Problem-Solving Framework for the Sciences and Arts . . . . . . . . . 57
Wayne H. Slater
5 Conceptual Development and Change: The Role of Echoing
and Contrast as Cognitive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Ghsoon Reda
6 Critical Thinking Across the Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Rui Sampaio da Silva
7 Models of Medical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Margherita Benzi
8 The“Irrational”WithinRationalThinking:ProofsfromMedical
Sciences and the Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Daniela Dumitru and Gabriela-Paula Florea
9 Shaping Clinical Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Rita Payan-Carreira and Joana Reis
10 Critical Thinking in Nursing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Şefika Dilek Güven
11 Fostering Critical Thinking Among Pre-service Teachers
Through a Multiple Representation-Based Collaborative
Pedagogical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Billy A. Danday
ix
x Contents
12 COVID-19: A Context to Promote Critical Thinking
and Argumentation in Secondary and University Students. . . . . . . 219
Blanca Puig and Maria Evagorou
13 Thinking,Feeling,andMoving:CompetitionforBrainResources
in Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Ka Sing Paris Lai, James Patience, and Amer M. Burhan
14 Hypothesized Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment During
High-Intensity Acute Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Myungjin Jung, Minsoo Kang, and Paul D. Loprinzi
15 The Role of Cortisol in Cognitive Emotion Regulation Failure. . . . 295
Hideki Tsumura
16 Incorporating Mindfulness Practice for Better Performance
in Work and Daily Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Fernando Urcola-Pardo
17 IncreasingWell-BeingandMentalHealthThroughCutting-Edge
Technology and Artificial Intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Ioana R. Podina and Denisa Caculidis-Tudor
18 Thought Content and Thinking Processes in Psychotherapy:
Cognitive Versus Metacognitive Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Sedat Batmaz and Ali Ercan Altınöz
19 Can the Phylogeny of Compassion Focused Therapy and the
Ontogeny of Transactional Analysis Go Beyond Dual-Process
Theories and Propose Multiple Modes of Thinking?. . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Umberto Crisanti
20 Decision-Making in Integrated Contexts: Epistemological,
Methodological and Cognitive Choices—Towards New
Requirements in Psychological Research?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Bernard Cadet
21 Modelling Social Action: From Biological to Social (Re)
Constructions Enabling, Constraining, and Motivating
Social Decision-Making. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Ana Ferreira
22 Decision-Making Styles and Decision Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Jozef Bavolar
23 Thinking About Decisions: How Human Variability Influences
Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Todd McElroy, Joanna Salapska-Gelleri, Kelly Schuller,
and Martin Bourgeois
Contents xi
24 Searching for Criteria for a Thinking Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Marián Ambrozy
25 The Irreducible Immateriality of Meaning and Its Crucial Role
for Artificial, Human, and (Maybe) Non-human Intelligence . . . . . 531
Paolo Musso
26 Computational Model of the Mind: How to Think About
Complex Systems in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Juan Carlos Olabe, Xabier Basogain, and Miguel ángel Olabe
27 The Brain as a Vision and Program: From “Embodiment”
to “Embedment”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Žarko Paić
28 Image, Imagination, Magic, Imaginary: Contemporary
Experience and Cognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Sérgio Roclaw Basbaum
29 Neurodesign: The Biology, Psychology, and Engineering
of Creative Thinking and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Julia von Thienen, Oren Kolodny, and Christoph Meinel
30 Intellectual Mechanisms of Solving of Problematic Situations
with a High Degree of Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Anastasia K. Belolutskaya
31 Art in the Twilight of Consciousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Andrea Lavazza and Mirko Farina
32 Brain, Decision-Making, and Mental Health 2050. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Nima Rezaei, Amene Saghazadeh, Ali Ercan Altınöz,
Amer M. Burhan, Ana Ferreira, Anastasia K. Belolutskaya,
Andrea Lavazza, Bernard Cadet, Billy A. Danday, Blanca Puig,
Christoph Meinel, Daniela Dumitru, Denisa Caculidis-Tudor,
Fernando Urcola-Pardo, Gabriela-Paula Florea, Ghsoon Reda,
Hideki Tsumura, Ioana R. Podina, James Patience, Jana S. Rošker,
Jeffrey Scheuer, Joana Reis, Joanna Salapska-Gelleri, Jozef Bavolar,
Juan Carlos Olabe, Julia von Thienen, Ka Sing Paris Lai,
KellySchuller,MargheritaBenzi,MariaEvagorou,MariánAmbrozy,
Martin Bourgeois, Miguel ángel Olabe, Minsoo Kang, Mirko Farina,
Myungjin Jung, Oren Kolodny, Paolo Musso, Paul D. Loprinzi,
Rita Payan-Carreira, Rui Sampaio da Silva, Sedat Batmaz,
Şefika Dilek Güven, Sérgio Roclaw Basbaum, Todd McElroy,
UmbertoCrisanti,WayneH.Slater,XabierBasogain,andŽarkoPaić
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 721