Brain and Heart Crosstalk PDF
Preview Brain and Heart Crosstalk
Physiology in Clinical Neurosciences Brain and Spinal Cord Crosstalks Hemanshu Prabhakar Series Editor Hemanshu Prabhakar Indu Kapoor Editors Brain and Heart Crosstalk Physiology in Clinical Neurosciences – Brain and Spinal Cord Crosstalks Series Editor Hemanshu Prabhakar Department of Neuroanesthesiology and Critical Care All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Central nervous system that includes brain and spinal cord has high metabolic demand. The physiology of the brain is such that it is easily affected by any altered physiology of other systems which in turn may compromise cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Together the brain and spinal cord control our body systems to function automatically. While other systems of body controls individual functions, central nervous system at the same time does many different functions, especially, controlling the function of other systems. However, only little is known that central nervous system itself affects almost all the other systems of the body for example, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, hematological etc. This interaction of brain and spinal cord with other systems makes it important for us to understand how any kind of injury to the central nervous system may at times, produce complications in remote organs or systems of the body. It is these lesser known crosstalks between acutely or chronically affected brain and spinal cord and other systems of the body that is discussed in this book series. Each system would be considered in a separate book. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16228 Hemanshu Prabhakar • Indu Kapoor Editors Brain and Heart Crosstalk Editors Hemanshu Prabhakar Indu Kapoor Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care All India Institute of Medical Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India New Delhi, India ISSN 2524-8294 ISSN 2524-8308 (electronic) Physiology in Clinical Neurosciences – Brain and Spinal Cord Crosstalks ISBN 978-981-15-2496-7 ISBN 978-981-15-2497-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2497-4 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore To our parents and our families, with whom lies our “heart,” and without whom our “brains” fail to function! Hemanshu Prabhakar Indu Kapoor Preface Central nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord has high metabolic demand. The physiology of the brain is such that it is easily affected by any altered physiology of other systems which in turn may compromise cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Together the brain and spinal cord control our body systems to func- tion automatically. While other systems of body controls individual functions, cen- tral nervous system at the same time does many different functions, especially, controlling the function of other systems. This interaction of the brain with other systems makes it important for us to understand how any kind of injury to the brain may at times produce complications in remote organs or systems of the body such as the heart. The nervous system is integrator of afferent information and modulates the efferent (neuro-humoral) mechanisms of homeostasis. The cardiovascular sys- tem performs a vegetative function and is central to homeostasis. It is teleological as well as natural for cardiovascular responses to be in consonance with ongoing func- tion of other organ systems of the body, for example, feeding, thermoregulation, reproduction, and muscle activity. It is therefore logical that neural control of car- diovascular system must interact with neural control of other organ systems like motor activity, reproduction, gastro-intestinal tract, thermoregulation, and so and so forth. It is these lesser known cross talks between acutely or chronically affected the brain and the heart that is discussed in this book. We are ever grateful to the contributors who believed in the proposed format of the work. We are sure the readers would be benefited by the insights of the renowned experts. The purpose of this volume will be truly accomplished if we are able to improve the clinical conditions of our patients by providing better care. New Delhi, India Hemanshu Prabhakar New Delhi, India Indu Kapoor vii Acknowledgement We wish to acknowledge the support of the administration of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, in allowing us to conduct this aca- demic task. We thank our team for their unconditional support and tireless efforts in helping us fulfill our dreams—Charu Mahajan, Vasudha Singhal, and Nidhi Gupta. We thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi, for their support. Special thanks are due to the team of Springer—Naren Aggarwal, Gaurav Singh, Jagjeet Kaur, and Suraj Kumar. Hemanshu Prabhakar Indu Kapoor ix Contents 1 Neurophysiology of Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ashok Kumar Jaryal, Akanksha Singh, and Kishore Kumar Deepak 2 Physiology of Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Ashok Kumar Jaryal, Akanksha Singh, and Kishore Kumar Deepak 3 The Brain–Heart Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Anna Teresa Mazzeo, Valentina Tardivo, Simone Cappio Borlino, and Diego Garbossa xi About the Editors Hemanshu Prabhakar, MBBS, MD, PhD is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. He has research experience spanning over 20 years and is a member of numerous national and international societies. His extensive research in the field of neuroanesthesia and critical care has been published in vari- ous national and international journals. Dr. Prabhakar is an eminent author and writ- ten several books. He received the AIIMS Excellence Award 2012 for his contributions to academia. He was featured in the Limca Book of Records 2019. Indu Kapoor holds an MBBS from the Lady Hardinge Medical College and an MD in Anesthesiology from University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, and is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. She has published more than 75 research papers in national and inter- national journals and contributed numerous book chapters. She also received the prestigious Dr. TN. JHA Memorial award from the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists and the Smt. Chandra and Sh. Narayan Wadhwani memorial award. She has edited three books related to neuroanesthesia, neurotrauma, and geriatric neuroanesthesia. She is also a reviewer for national as well as international journals. xiii
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