Table Of ContentBlockchain for 6G-Enabled
Network-Based
Applications
This book provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain for 6G-enabled
network-based applications. Following the key services of blockchain
technology, this book will be instrumental to ideate and understand the
necessities, challenges, and various case studies of different 6G-based
applications. The emphasis is on understanding the contributions of blockchain
technology in 6G-enabled applications, and its aim is to give insights into
evolution, research directions, challenges, and the ways to empower 6G
applications through blockchain.
• The book consistently emphasizes the missing connection between
blockchain and 6G-enabled network applications. The entire ecosystem
between these two futuristic technologies is explained in a comprehensive
manner.
• The book constitutes a one-stop guide to students, researchers, and
industry professionals.
• The book progresses from a general introduction toward more technical
aspects while remaining easy to understand throughout.
• Comprehensive elaboration of material is supplemented with examples
and diagrams, followed by easily understandable approaches with regard
to technical information given thereon.
Blockchain and its applications in 6G-enabled applications can drive many
powerful solutions to real-world technical, scientific, and social problems.
This book presents the most recent and exciting advances in blockchain for
6G-enabled network applications. Overall, this book is a complete outlet and
is designed exclusively for professionals, scientists, technologists, developers,
designers, and researchers in network technologies around blockchain
integration with IoT, blockchain technology, information technology, and
6G-enabled industrial applications. Secondary readers include professionals
involved in policy making and administration, security of public data and law,
network policy developers, blockchain technology experts, regulators, and
decision makers in government administrations.
Blockchain for 6G-Enabled
Network-Based
Applications
A Vision, Architectural Elements, and
Future Directions
Edited by
Vinay Rishiwal
Sudeep Tanwar
Rashmi Chaudhry
First Edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Vinay Rishiwal, Sudeep Tanwar &
Rashmi Chaudhry; individual chapters, the contributors
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ISBN: 978-1-032-20610-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-20611-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-26439-2 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003264392
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Preface vii
About the Editors xi
List of Contributors xiii
1 Evolution and Innovation of Blockchain Paradigms
for the 6G Ecosystem 1
R. DURGA, E. POOVAMMAL, AND G. KOTHAI
2 Empowering 6G Networks through Blockchain
Architecture 27
KAUSTUBH RANJAN SINGH AND PARUL GARG
3 Blockchain Technology and 6G: Trends, Challenges,
and Research Directions 47
SHYAM MOHAN, S. RAMAMOORTHY,
VEDANTHAM HANUMATH SREEMAN, VENKATA CHAKRADHAR VANAM,
AND KOTA HARSHA SURYA ABHISHEK
4 Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence–Based Radio
Access Network Slicing for 6G Networks 77
YING LOONG LEE, ALLYSON GEK HONG SIM, LI-CHUN WANG,
AND TEONG CHEE CHUAH
5 Key Generation: Encryption and Decryption
Using Triangular Cubical Approach for Blockchain
in the 6G Network and Cloud Environment 107
SURENDRA KUMAR AND NARANDER KUMAR
vi Contents
6 Blockchain-Based Efficient Resource Allocation and
Minimum Energy Utilization in Cloud Computing
Using SMO 129
NARANDER KUMAR AND JITENDRA KUMAR SAMRIYA
7 Role of Blockchain Technology in Intelligent
Transportation Systems 159
G. KOTHAI, E. POOVAMMAL, AND R. DURGA
8 Blockchain and 6G Communication with Evolving
Applications: Forecasts and Challenges 193
PREETI YADAV, MANO YADAV, OMKAR SINGH, AND VINAY RISHIWAL
9 Emergence of Blockchain Applications with the
6G-Enabled IoT-Based Smart City 213
MEENU GUPTA, CHETANYA VED, AND MEET KUMARI
10 Blockchain: Insights Related to Application
and Challenges in the Energy Sector 237
IRAM NAIM, ANKUR GANGWAR, ASHRAF RAHMAN IDRISI, AND PANKAJ
Index 263
Preface
The emergence of smart wireless and mobile communication technologies
has stirred the demand for future large-scale networks. Sixth-generation (6G)
networks seem to be the possible solution to meet such demands of develop-
ing networks and scenarios like IoT, smart cities, unmanned vehicles, satellite
communication, etc. 6G wireless communication offers improved data rate,
reliability, and bandwidth utilization. Until now, four core services of 6G have
been identified: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and massive machine-
type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable low latency communications
(URLLC), enhanced URLLC, and trade-offs among them. It aims to satisfy the
Internet of Everything (IoE) requirements in step with the growth of distrib-
uted artificial intelligence while maintaining ultralow latency and device syn-
chronicity. Such evolutionary improvements introduce better connectivity and
novel applications focusing on privacy and security. To cater to the explosive
growth of data traffic and seamless connection requirements, virtualization and
cloud computing are used, which provide network slicing and vertical services.
However, the management of such data in a centralized manner induces pri-
vacy and security issues. Recently, blockchain technology has gained momen-
tum to solve such data privacy, reliability, security, and vulnerability issues,
and it is being embraced by research communities and the industry. It provides
decentralization, single point of failure elimination, anonymous transparency,
immutability, tamper-proofed ledger’s data, and nonrepudiated transactions.
Blockchain-assisted distributed ledger technology (DLT) helps in building trust
between application-specific networks and IoE applications.
In order to get the expected benefits of these two futuristic technologies.
The primary requisite is to have enough imaginings and to get ready and lay
a sound technological base for the possible arrival of future networks. To
summarize, it is the right time to begin exploring next-generation 6G mobile
services/networks. Following the key services of blockchain technology in
6G network–based applications, this book focuses on the key facets of these
groundbreaking technologies. It helps to understand the ideas, necessities,
challenges, and, largely, the overall framework of blockchain and 6G net-
works. This book focuses on the exploration of the core benefits of blockchain
vii
viii Preface
in 6G network–based applications and provides an overview of the integration
of blockchain with 6G-enabled network-based applications.
The book is organized into three sections. The first section is focused on the
background and preliminaries and includes three chapters. The second part
illustrates AI-assisted secure 6G-enabled solutions with three well structured
chapters. Finally, the last section, with four chapters, focuses on the next-
generation 6G-enabled solutions for smart applications.
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND AND PRELIMINARIES
The first chapter, “Evolution and Innovation of Blockchain Paradigms for the
6G Ecosystem,” presents an introduction to blockchain and the 6G ecosystem.
The chapter discusses the blockchain paradigms with 6G technology in vari-
ous realms, with innovative decentralized architecture in multicross industries
and enhances the security access in new integrated network architecture like
IoT, device-to-device (D2D), machine-to-machine (M2M), smart city, artificial
intelligence, and machine learning (ML).
Chapter 2, “Empowering 6G Networks through Blockchain Architecture,”
highlights the background and research challenges of 6G networks through
blockchain architecture. Moreover, this chapter explores the future challenges
of network improvement and scaling through the inclusion of blockchain tech-
nology and NFV concerning the following 6G service classes: secure, ultra-
reliable low-latency communication (SURLLC), three-dimensional integrated
communications (3D InteCom), eMBB Plus, unconventional data communica-
tions (UCDC), big communications (BigCom), massive Machine Type Com-
munication mMTC.
The next chapter, “Blockchain Technology and 6G: Trends, Challenges, and
Research Directions,” discuss the role of blockchain technology in 6G, appli-
cations of blockchain technology in real time, and the trends, challenges, and
research directions for blockchain technology. The combination of 6G wire-
less networks and blockchain addresses the multiple network issues related
to real-time applications. The proposed work is explained by a case study of
the logistics supply chain. This chapter also highlights the benefits of a 6G
network with blockchain technologies.
SECTION 2: AI-ASSISTED SECURE 6G-ENABLED SOLUTIONS
In Chapter 4, “Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence–Based Radio Access Net-
work Slicing for 6G Networks,” radio access network (RAN) slicing is highlighted
as a key enabler for 6G wireless communications that can flexibly manage base
stations, network functions, network resources, bandwidth, and network con-
figurations to accommodate the diverse conditions and requirements imposed
Preface ix
by the emerging use-cases. First, key 6G driving use-cases, including 5D applica-
tions, smart cities and industries, and nonterrestrial communications will be elu-
cidated. Then an overview of network slicing for wireless communications will
be presented, emphasizing RAN slicing. Subsequently, a detailed discussion on
RAN slicing for 6G networks, including its key aspects, requirements, param-
eters, and scenarios, will be provided. Next, several artificial intelligence (AI)
technologies that can assist the complex RAN slicing process with numerous
parameters and target requirements will be highlighted. Then blockchain-based
network slicing will be explored for 6G networks, followed by a case study on
the integration of AI and blockchain for 6G RAN slicing.
The next chapter, “Key Generation: Encryption and Decryption Using
Triangular Cubical Approach for Blockchain in the 6G Network and Cloud
Environment,” proposes a cubical key process for key generation using a two-
dimensional platform and a key matrix, which are used to generate from com-
binations and permutations, as well as constructing encryption and decryption
keys to apply to encryption keys, plaintext, and ciphertext. This is used in the
blockchain of 64 integer messages as different nonbinary ciphers to increase
the security of encryption and decryption in the 6G network and cloud com-
puting environment. This chapter discusses the process with an example, tests
the proposed method, and checks the entropy, including brute attack aspects.
Chapter 6, “Blockchain-Based Efficient Resource Allocation and Minimum
Energy Utilization in Cloud Computing Using SMO,” presents a blockchain-
based resource management framework and spider monkey optimization
(SMO) for resource allocation, enhancing scheduling ability and overall
resource allocation in a cloud computing environment. To increase energy
efficiency, the brownout technique is adopted. The proposed approach is
simulated using the CloudSim tool kit. This framework achieves cloud infra-
structure resource allocation and reduced power consumption. The experi-
mental outcomes provide improved results when compared to other prevailing
techniques.
SECTION 3: NEXT-GENERATION 6G-ENABLED SOLUTIONS
FOR SMART APPLICATIONS
The first chapter in the section, “Role of Blockchain Technology in Intelli-
gent Transportation Systems,” presents how blockchain technology helps in
improving reliable vehicular communication. This chapter also discusses the
overview of intelligent transportation systems, VANET, and blockchain tech-
nology. It also depicts the system model with three main facets: the onboard
unit in a conveyance, roadside unit of a network, and trusted authority of the
network for vehicular communication. Security attacks based on confiden-
tiality between nodes, availability of resources, authenticity of conveyances,
integrity of messages, and nonrepudiation of nodes are also illustrated. The
