Blockchain and Machine Learning for e-Healthcare Systems

481 Pages·2021·22.537 MB·English

by  Balusamy Balamurugan (editor), Naveen Chilamkurti (editor), T. Lucia Agnes Beena (editor), T. Poongodi (editor)

HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGIES SERIES 29
Blockchain and Machine
Learning for e-Healthcare
Systems
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Blockchain and Machine
Learning for e-Healthcare
Systems
Edited by
Balamurugan Balusamy, Naveen Chilamkurti,
Lucia Agnes Beena T and Poongodi T
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
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Contents
Abouttheeditor xix
Preface xxi
1 Blockchain technology andits relevance inhealthcare 1
Poongodi Thangamuthu,IndrakumariRanganathan, Kiruthika Mani,
Suganthi Shanmugamand SureshPalanimuthu
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Evolution of blockchain technology 2
1.1.2 Characteristics of blockchain technology 3
1.1.3 Overview of blockchain architecture 4
1.1.4 Merkle tree structure 5
1.2 Basic componentsof blockchain 6
1.2.1 Cryptographic hash functions 6
1.2.2 Asymmetric-key cryptography 6
1.2.3 Transactions 7
1.2.4 Ledgers 7
1.2.5 Blocks 7
1.3 Consensusmodels 8
1.3.1 Proof of work 8
1.3.2 Proof of stake 8
1.3.3 Practical byzantine fault tolerance 8
1.3.4 Delegated proof of stake 9
1.3.5 Round robin consensusmodel 9
1.3.6 Proof of authority (identity) model 9
1.3.7 Proof of elapsed time (PoET) consensusmodel 9
1.4 Challenges and opportunities of blockchain technology 9
1.4.1 Security and privacy of the data 9
1.4.2 Storage 10
1.4.3 Standardization 10
1.4.4 Scalability 10
1.4.5 Interoperability 10
1.4.6 Key management 10
1.4.7 Blockchain vulnerabilities 11
1.4.8 Social challenges 11
1.4.9 Accountability 11
vi Blockchain andmachine learning for e-healthcare systems
1.4.10 Accuracy 11
1.4.11 Agility 11
1.4.12 Fighting counterfeit drugs 11
1.4.13 Cost efficient 11
1.4.14 Improving research and development 12
1.5 Types of blockchain 12
1.5.1 Public blockchain 13
1.5.2 Private blockchain 13
1.5.3 Consortium blockchain 14
1.5.4 Permissioned blockchain 16
1.5.5 Permissionless blockchain 17
1.6 Relevance of blockchain for healthcare 17
1.6.1 Blockchainfor medical record management 18
1.6.2 Blockchainfor medicinal research 19
1.6.3 Blockchainfor insurance claims 19
1.6.4 Blockchainfor counterfeit drugs 21
1.6.5 Blockchainto prevent future pandemics 22
1.6.6 Blockchainto save cost 22
1.7 Conclusion 22
References 22
2 Privacy issuesinblockchain 25
PrabhaSelvaraj, Sumathi Doraikannan, Vijay KumarBurugari and
Kanmani Palaniappan
2.1 National and Corporate Support 26
2.2 Asia trade and European trade 28
2.3 Multinational policies vsblockchain 29
2.3.1 Security of blockchain? 30
2.3.2 Shifting security to the end user 31
2.3.3 Trade-offs 31
2.3.4 Key developments of blockchain for voting 34
2.3.5 Improving productivity in agriculture 34
2.3.6 Guarantee straightforwardness,supportability in fishing 34
2.3.7 Cryptocurrency regulations 34
2.3.8 Energy industry 35
2.4 Blockchain approaches todata privacy in healthcare 35
2.4.1 Blockchainfor electronic medical record (EMR)
data management 37
2.4.2 Blockchainfor personal health record (PHR)
data management 38
2.4.3 Blockchainfor point-of-care genomics 38
2.4.4 Blockchainfor EHR data management 39
2.4.5 Fast health-care interoperability resources 40
2.4.6 Health-care blockchain 40
Contents vii
2.4.7 On-chain 40
2.4.8 Off-chain 41
2.4.9 Network isthe concern not a database 41
2.4.10 Clear definition of usecases 41
2.4.11 Throughput and scalability 42
2.4.12 Adequate data 42
2.4.13 Blockchain privacy poisoning 42
2.4.14 Consent management and the blockchain 43
2.5 Blockchain privacy poisoning inthe context of other
privacy issues 43
2.5.1 Who should be accountable forblockchain
privacy poisoning? 44
2.5.2 Problems of blockchain security/privacy 44
2.5.3 Challenges 45
2.6 Blockchain security for health data: promises, risks,and
future development: blockchain security issues 46
2.6.1 Challenges and limitations 49
2.7 Conclusion 52
References 52
3 Reforming thetraditional businessnetwork 57
Neethu Narayanan and K.P. Arjun
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Applications of blockchain 60
3.2.1 Blockchains in electronic health records (EHR) 60
3.2.2 Blockchains in clinical research 63
3.2.3 Blockchains in medical fraud detection 63
3.2.4 Blockchains in neuroscience 64
3.2.5 Blockchains in pharmaceutical industry and research 65
3.3 Businessbenefits of blockchain 66
3.4 Reliance on blockchain usage 67
3.4.1 Protection claims 67
3.4.2 Gold supply chain 67
3.4.3 Coordination’s activities 68
3.5 Market resistance to blockchain 68
3.5.1 Resistance 68
3.5.2 Level support and resistance 68
3.5.3 Polarity 69
3.6 Role of blockchain in healthcare 70
3.6.1 Drugsupply chain 71
3.6.2 Clinical data exchange and interoperability 71
3.6.3 Billing and claims management 71
3.6.4 Cybersecurity and healthcare IoT 72
3.6.5 Populationhealth research and pharma clinical trials 72
viii Blockchain and machine learning fore-healthcare systems
3.7 Blockchain in hospital management services 73
3.7.1 Blockchainin healthcare 73
3.7.2 New businessopportunities 73
3.7.3 Electronic medical records 73
3.7.4 Guideline compliance 74
3.7.5 Decreased billingand speedy claim settlement 74
3.7.6 Decrease in informationrisks 74
3.7.7 Coordination of data 74
3.8 Blockchain—the new age businessdisruptor 74
3.8.1 3Dprinting 75
3.8.2 Accounting 76
3.8.3 Agriculture 76
3.8.4 Art 77
3.8.5 Credit management 78
3.8.6 Compliance 79
3.8.7 The Internet of Things (IoT)—connected devices 79
3.9 Conclusion 81
References 81
4 Adeep dive into Hyperledger 85
Swathi Punathumkandi, Venkatesan Meenakshi Sundaramand
Panneer Prabhavathy
4.1 Hyperledger Frameworks 85
4.1.1 Hyperledger Besu 86
4.1.2 Hyperledger Burrow 87
4.1.3 Hyperledger Fabric 89
4.1.4 Hyperledger Indy 90
4.1.5 Hyperledger Iroha 91
4.1.6 Hyperledger Sawtooth 91
4.1.7 Hyperledger Grid 93
4.2 Hyperledger Libraries 95
4.2.1 Hyperledger Aries 95
4.2.2 Hyperledger Quilt 95
4.2.3 Hyperledger Transact 95
4.2.4 Hyperledger Ursa 95
4.3 Hyperledger Tools 96
4.3.1 Hyperledger Avalon 96
4.3.2 Hyperledger Caliper 96
4.3.3 Hyperledger Cello 96
4.3.4 Hyperledger Explorer 97
4.3.5 Hyperledger Composer 97
4.4 Blockchain in enterprise 97
4.4.1 Usecases 98
4.5 Blockchain in e-healthcare 101
Contents ix
4.5.1 Improve medical record access 101
4.5.2 Improve clinical trials 102
4.5.3 Improve drugtraceability 103
4.6 Anexample of healthcare data management usingIBM
blockchain platform 104
References 106
5 Machine learning 109
DeepaChinnasamy andSaraswathi Devarajan
5.1 Introduction 109
5.1.1 Machine learning life cycle 110
5.1.2 Componentsin machine learning 112
5.2 Different types of learning 112
5.2.1 Supervised learning 112
5.2.2 Unsupervisedlearning 115
5.2.3 Reinforcement learning 117
5.3 Types of machine learning algorithms 120
5.3.1 Classification algorithms 120
5.3.2 Regression algorithm 122
5.3.3 Dimensionality reduction algorithm 123
5.3.4 Clustering algorithms 124
5.3.5 Reinforcement algorithm 127
5.3.6 Machine learning in healthcare 129
5.3.7 Advantages and disadvantages of machine learning 131
5.3.8 Limitations of ML in healthcare industry 133
5.4 Conclusion 134
References 135
6 Machine learning inblockchain 137
Kolla Bhanu Prakash,Vadla Pradeep Kumarand
VenkataRaghavendra Naga Pawan
6.1 Introduction 138
6.1.1 What is machine learning? 138
6.1.2 Importance of ML in blockchain 139
6.1.3 Merits and demerits 140
6.2 Types of ML 141
6.2.1 Supervised learning 141
6.2.2 Unsupervisedlearning 141
6.2.3 Reinforcement learning 141
6.3 Different ML algorithms 142
6.3.1 Linear regression 142
6.3.2 Logistic regression 143
6.3.3 Decision tree and SVM 145
6.3.4 Na¨ıve Bayes 146