Bird's electrical circuit theory and technology

931 Pages·2022·129.549 MB·English

by  John O. Bird

Bird’s Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology
Whatskillsareneededforacareerinelectricalandelectronicengineering?
When you decide to become an electrical or electronic engineer, you’re committing yourself to a profession that
involves developing, designing, testing and supervising the manufacturing of electrical devices and equipment,
includingnavigationsystems,electricmotorsandpowergenerationequipment.Therefore,tobeabletohandlesuch
complexconceptsandtheories,andunderstandhowtoapplythemtoreal-lifeprojects,youneedtopossessaunique
andtailoredskillset.Indeed,it’snosecretthatahighproportionofengineeringstudentsdropoutorchangecourse,
withalackofpreparednessoftencitedasthebiggestreasonforthisunusuallyhighattritionrate.
So,toseeifyouhavewhatittakestostaythecourseanddevelopapromisingcareerinthefield,herearethetop10
electricalandelectronicengineeringskillsthatyouwillneed.
1.Problem-SolvingSkills
Regardlessoftheirdiscipline,engineersare,attheircore,problem-solvers.Thisisparticularlytrueinelectricaland
electronic engineering, where you are often required to think logically and apply a particular rule or concept to a
probleminordertosolveit.
2.BasicCircuitKnowledge
Electrical design can become an extraordinarily complex topic, especially where large installations are concerned
(suchasenergygrids),orevenwithinhighlyadvancedpiecesofsmallhardware,suchasthoseusedinsmartphones.
Therefore,ifyouaretohaveanyhopesofgettingtogripswithitall,youneedtofirsthaveasolidunderstandingof
basiccircuitdesign.
SunshineSeeds/Shutterstock.com
3.EnthusiasmforLearning
Althoughitisanessentialandunavoidablestep,havingadegreeorahighqualificationisnottheendoftheedu-
cational road for an electrical/electronic engineer; in fact, it is just the beginning of your active learning journey.
Muchofthisisborneoutofnecessity.Electricalandelectronicengineeringisoneofthefastestevolvingandfiercely
competitiveengineeringfields,soyouwillneedtobeconstantlyuptodate(forexample,withIEEwiringregs,and
particularlyifyouworkintheproductdesignandmanufacturingsector).
4.CommunicationSkills
There is barely a profession in the world where the ability to communicate is not important, and electrical and
electronicengineering is no different.Whether it’sunderstanding the needs and requirements of a client, working
within project teams to develop or improve a piece of hardware/software, or working with other departments and
stakeholders,communicationskillsareanessentialpartoftherole.
5.OrganisationalSkills
Theabilitytoorganiseandmanageyourtimeisimportantforanelectrical/electronicengineer,asmuchofyourwork
willlikelybetime-sensitiveorproject-based,regardlessofwhichareaofengineeringyouspecialisein.
6.NumericalSkills
Acommonissueforelectricalandelectronicengineeringstudentsisthattheirmathematicalbackgroundisnotstrong
enough. Therefore, it is important to focus on mathematics at college or university. Understanding engineering is
extremelydifficultwithoutagoodknowledgeofmathematics.
7.WorkEthic
A strong work ethic is another hugely important part of a successful engineer’s makeup. Therefore, you must be
determinedandwillingtoworkuntilyoufindasolutiontowhatevertechnicalproblemsyouencounterinyourrole.
8.CriticalThinkingSkills
Criticalthinkingisabroadskillthatcanbeappliedtoawidearrayofsituations,butitisjustasimportantinelectrical
andelectronicengineering.Possessingtheabilitytoapproachthingsdifferentlyortakeadifferentviewtothenorm
canmakeabigdifferencewhenyouaretryingtoachieveacertaingoalwithyourproject.
9.CreativeThinkingSkills
Engineersarenotjustproblem-solvers-theyarepioneers.Whetherit’sonagrandscaleorasimpleone,thesolutions
they provide change the way we live; therefore, to be able to explore and implement such radical ideas, you need
tobeabletothink‘outsidethebox’.Thisisespeciallytrueinthecommercialsector,whereelectronicsgiantsare
constantlycompetingtodevelopnewandexcitingtechnologies.Youcanhavealltheknowledgeintheworld,butif
youdon’tknowhowtobecreativeandexplorenewpossibilitieswithit,thenyou’regoingtobeleftbehind.
10.ProgrammingSkills
Althoughtheimportanceofprogrammingishigherinsomeareasofelectricalandelectronicengineeringthanothers,
itisstillaveryusefulskilltopossess,particularlywhenworkingwithlow-levelembeddedsystemsorwhenanalysing
data.
Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com
Asyoucansee,thecareerofanelectrical/electronicengineerisdemanding.Apartfrompossessingtherequisite
technicalknowledge,itisalsomandatoryforyoutoincorporateotherkeysoftskillsintoyouremployability
repertoire, such as decision-making, leadership and attention to detail. The rewards are high though, with
electricalandelectronicengineeringoneofthehighest-payingsectorsintheindustry.
Hopefully, Bird’s Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology will help you on your first important steps in a
longcareerinelectricaland/orelectronicengineering.
Thereisalottolearn;staywithit-itwillbeworthit.
Bird’s Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology
Nowinitsseventhedition,Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnologyexplainselectricalcircuittheoryandasso-
ciatedtechnologytopicsinastraightforwardmanner,supportedbypracticalengineeringexamplesandapplications
toensurethatreaderscanrelatetheorytopractice.
The extensive and thorough coverage, containing over 800 worked examples, makes this an excellent text for a
range of courses, in particular for Degree and Foundation Degree in electrical principles, circuit theory, telecom-
munications,andelectricaltechnology.Thetextincludessomeessentialmathematicsrevision,togetherwithallthe
essential electrical and electronic principles for BTEC National and Diploma syllabuses and City & Guilds Tech-
nicianCertificateandDiplomasyllabusesinengineering.Thismaterialwillbeagreatrevisionforthoseonhigher
courses.
Thiseditionincludesseveralnewsections,includingglassbatteries,climatechange,thefutureofelectricityproduc-
tionanddiscussionsconcerningeverydayaspectsofelectricity,suchaswattsandlumens,electricalsafety,ACvs
DC,andtrendingtechnologies.
Itscompanionwebsiteatwww.routledge.com/cw/birdprovidesresourcesforbothstudentsandlecturers,including
fullsolutionsforall1400furtherquestions,listsofessentialformulae,andillustrations,aswellasfullsolutionsto
revisiontestsforcourseinstructors.
JohnBird,BSc(Hons),CEng,CMath,CSci,FIMA,FIET,FCollT,istheformerHeadofAppliedElectronicsinthe
FacultyofTechnologyatHighburyCollege,Portsmouth,UK.Morerecently,hehascombinedfreelancelecturing
attheUniversityofPortsmouthwithExaminerresponsibilitiesforAdvancedMathematicswithCity&Guildsand
examiningfortheInternationalBaccalaureateOrganisation.Hehasover45years’experienceofsuccessfullyteach-
ing,lecturing,instructing,training,educating,andplanningtraineeengineers’studyprogrammes.Heistheauthorof
146textbooksonengineering,scienceandmathematicalsubjects,withworldwidesalesofoveronemillioncopies.
Heisacharteredengineer,acharteredmathematician,acharteredscientistandaFellowofthreeprofessionalinsti-
tutions.Hehas recently retiredfrom lecturingat theRoyalNavy’sDefence Collegeof MarineEngineering inthe
DefenceCollegeofTechnicalTrainingatH.M.S.Sultan,Gosport,Hampshire,UK,oneofthelargestengineering
trainingestablishmentsinEurope.
Besides this text, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology 7th Edition,
other books written by John Bird, and published by Routledge, include:
• Bird’s Basic Engineering Mathematics 8th Edition
• Bird’s Engineering Mathematics 9th Edition
• Bird’s Higher Engineering Mathematics 9th Edition
• Bird’s Comprehensive Engineering Mathematics 2nd Edition
• Mathematics Pocket Book for Engineers and Scientists 5th Edition
• Bird’sElectricalandElectronicPrinciplesandTechnology7th Edition
• Science and Mathematics for Engineering 6th Edition
• Mechanical Engineering Principles 4th Edition
• Mechanics of Solids 3rd Edition
Bird’s Electrical Circuit Theory and
Technology
Seventh Edition
John Bird
Seventheditionpublished2022
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN
andbyRoutledge
605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2022JohnBird
TherightofJohnBirdtobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78of
theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,
orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentification
andexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.
FirsteditionpublishedbyNewnes1997
SixtheditionpublishedbyRoutledge2017
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Bird,J.O.,author
Title:Bird’selectricalcircuittheoryandtechnology/JohnBird.
Othertitles:Electricalcircuittheoryandtechnology
Description:Seventh.|NewYork:Routledge,2021.|Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021003948(print)|LCCN2021003949(ebook)|ISBN
9780367672249(hbk)|ISBN9780367672225(pbk)|ISBN9781003130338
(ebk)
Subjects:LCSH:Electriccircuits.|Electricalengineering.
Classification:LCCTK454.B482021(print)|LCCTK454(ebook)|DDC
621.319/2–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021003948
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021003949
ISBN:978-0-367-67224-9(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-367-67222-5(pbk)
ISBN:978-1-003-13033-8(ebk)
TypesetinTimes
byKnowledgeWorksGlobalLtd.
Accessthecompanionwebsite:www.routledge.com/cw/bird
In Memory of Elizabeth

Contents
Preface xvi 4 Anintroductiontoelectriccircuits 56
4.1 Standardsymbolsforelectrical
components 57
Section1 Revisionofsomebasic
4.2 Electriccurrentandquantityof
mathematics 1
electricity 57
4.3 Potentialdifferenceandresistance 58
1 Somemathematicsrevision 3
4.4 Basicelectricalmeasuringinstruments 58
1.1 Useofcalculatorandevaluatingformulae 4
4.5 Linearandnon-lineardevices 59
1.2 Fractions 7
4.6 Ohm’slaw 59
1.3 Percentages 8
4.7 Multiplesandsub-multiples 59
1.4 Ratioandproportion 10
4.8 Conductorsandinsulators 61
1.5 Lawsofindices 13
4.9 Electricalpowerandenergy 61
1.6 Brackets 16
4.10 Maineffectsofelectriccurrent 64
1.7 Solvingsimpleequations 16
4.11 Fuses 64
1.8 Transposingformulae 19
4.12 Insulationandthedangersofconstant
1.9 Solvingsimultaneousequations 21
highcurrentflow 65
2 Furthermathematicsrevision 23
2.1 Radiansanddegrees 24 Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Ohm’slaw 66
2.2 Measurementofangles 25
2.3 Trigonometryrevision 26 Whichlightbulbtochoose?Wattsorlumens! 68
2.4 Logarithmsandexponentials 28
2.5 Straightlinegraphs 33 5 Resistancevariation 70
2.6 Gradients,interceptsandequation 5.1 Resistorconstruction 71
ofagraph 35 5.2 Resistanceandresistivity 71
2.7 Practicalstraightlinegraphs 37 5.3 Temperaturecoefficientofresistance 73
2.8 Calculatingareasofcommonshapes 38 5.4 Resistorcolourcodingandohmicvalues 75
6 Batteriesandalternativesourcesofenergy 78
MainformulaeforSection1Revisionofsome 6.1 Introductiontobatteries 79
basicmathematics 44 6.2 Somechemicaleffectsofelectricity 79
6.3 Thesimplecell 80
6.4 Corrosion 81
Section2 Basicelectricalengineering
6.5 e.m.f.andinternalresistanceofacell 81
principles 47
6.6 Primarycells 83
6.7 Secondarycells 84
3 Unitsassociatedwithbasicelectrical
6.8 Lithium-ionbatteries 86
quantities 49
6.9 Cellcapacity 89
3.1 SIunits 49
6.10 Safedisposalofbatteries 89
3.2 Charge 50
6.11 Fuelcells 89
3.3 Force 50
6.12 Alternativeandrenewableenergysources 90
3.4 Work 51
6.13 Solarenergy 91
3.5 Power 52
6.14 Glassbatteries 93
3.6 Electricalpotentialande.m.f. 53
3.7 Resistanceandconductance 53
RevisionTest1 94
3.8 Electricalpowerandenergy 54
3.9 Summaryofterms,unitsandtheirsymbols 55
Whatusesthemostenergyinyourhome? 95