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Ramesh Chander Kuhad Ajay Singh Editors Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery Ramesh Chander Kuhad (cid:129) Ajay Singh Editors Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery Editors Ramesh Chander Kuhad Ajay Singh Department of Microbiology Lystek International Incorporation University of Delhi, South Campus Cambridge, ON, Canada New Delhi, India ISBN 978-81-322-0875-4 ISBN 978-81-322-0876-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-0876-1 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013932485 © Springer India 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword It gives me immense happiness to write the foreword for the excellent com- pendium B iotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery edited by Prof. Ramesh Chander Kuhad and Dr. Ajay Singh. The constant increase in world population has put pressure on urban development and agricultural productivity. Both have led to the generation of huge quantity of wastes (solid and liquid). Inappropriate management of liquid and solid waste not only increases the pollution to the environment but also threatens human health. Therefore, the sustainable waste management technologies are necessary to keep the environment clean and green. In my opinion, solid waste disposal has comparatively bigger challenges than liquid waste management. There are consistent efforts by researchers to continu- ously develop new technologies for utilizing the solid wastes, especially the plant biomass which represents a major part of the available solid wastes and represents a renewable source of energy and chemicals. Various microbial processes have been developed for bioconversion of agro-residues and grasses into bioethanol as alternative fuel, digestible animal feed, and value-added chemicals. I am delighted that an edited book on “Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery” is being brought out, which discusses a wide range of selected topics related to the applied and fundamental aspects of potential utilization of agro-residues into value-added products and processes and applications of microbial technologies for bioremediation and monitoring of environmental pollutants. Chapters dealing with industrial applications address current biotechnological approaches based on microbial enzymes such as cellulases, ligninases, pectinases, and phytases. This book has contributions from academicians and scientists from differ- ent disciplines including microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, and environmental biotechnology with diverse backgrounds and from universi- ties, national laboratories and institutes, and industries. I am con fi dent that the book should prove to be very useful to the students, researchers, scientists, and teachers of microbiology, environmental science and engineering, and biotechnology. Prof. K.V.B.R. Tilak Ph.D., FNASc, FNAAS, FNABS, FAPASc, FBS, FAMI NASI Senior Scientist, Platinum Jubilee Fellow Department of Botany Osmania University, Hyderabad, India v Preface The constant increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world has immensely affected the environment. The textile, pulp and paper, petro- chemicals, minerals, energy, food and feed, and other agro-based industries produce huge amount of waste, which enters in terrestrial and aquatic envi- ronments and eventually leads to environmental disturbances. Various types of agricultural, forestry, and fruit and vegetable processing wastes represent important energy and material resources and therefore require proper management to avoid the contamination of the environment and spoilage of valu- able natural resources. In the absence of inadequate waste management strategies, especially, the developing countries suffer from severe environmental problems and short- age of energy and resources and food production. Thus, there is a need to have simple and economically viable and integrated technologies for environmental management and resource recovery. Microorganisms and their enzymes contribute signi fi cantly to residual biomass utilization, resource recovery through recycling and conservation, and environmental management. Recently, advances in microbiological, molecular, and enzymatic processes have motivated in-depth studies to exploit microorganisms and their enzymes for developing innovative biotechnologies. Biotechnology for Environmental Management and Resource Recovery presents a comprehensive review of selected research topics related to environmental pollution management and developing biotechnologies based on bioconversion of agro-residues (lignocellulosics) into biofuels, animal feed, paper, etc. Moreover , rhizobacteria-based technology in agroecosystem management has been discussed. The book comprises 16 chapters, divided in two parts. Part I includes topics on microorganisms and enzymes involved in lignin degradation vis-à-vis production of nutritionally rich animal feed, microbial cellulases, pectinases, enzymatic retting, biofuels, rhizobacteria and agricultural management, and sustainable enzyme technology for resource recovery. Part II includes the aspects of applied biocatalysis, metagenomics and genetically modifi e d microorganisms (GMOs), and microbial enzymes in environmental management and bioremediation. The book contains contributions from leading scientists with diverse backgrounds of academic institutions and industries. This book will be of immense use to the students of environmental biotechnology, microbiology, biochem- istry, and other environmental sciences and engineering. This book will vii viii Preface certainly be of equal interest to the teachers, scientists, and researchers, whether in academia, industry, or government, directly involved in the research or who want to learn about environmental management and the ef fi cient utilization of natural resources via biotechnological applications. Editors Ramesh Chander Kuhad Ajay Singh Contents Part I 1 Microorganisms and Enzymes Involved in Lignin Degradation Vis-à-vis Production of Nutritionally Rich Animal Feed: An Overview ................................................ 3 Ramesh Chander Kuhad, Sarika Kuhar, Krishna Kant Sharma, and Bhuvnesh Shrivastava 2 Solid-State Bioconversion and Animal Feed Production: Present Status and Future Prospects. ......................................... 45 Sanjay Kumar, Bhuvnesh Shrivastava, James Gomes, and Ramesh Chander Kuhad 3 Rhizobacteria in Management of Agroecosystem ..................... 55 Devendra Kumar Choudhary and B. N. Johri 4 Sustainable Enzyme Technology for Environment: Biosensors for Monitoring of Pollutants and Toxic Compounds ................................................................. 69 Pratyoosh Shukla, Vinod Nigam , Rishi G upta, Ajay Singh , and Ramesh Chander Kuhad 5 Enzymatic Retting: A Revolution in the Handmade Papermaking from C alotropis procera ....................................... 77 R. K. Jain, A. K. Sharma, and Sunita Chauhan 6 Cellulases and Their Biotechnological Applications ................. 89 Rishi Gupta, Girija Mehta, Deepa Deswal, Sonia Sharma, Kavish Kumar Jain, Ajay Singh, and Ramesh Chander Kuhad 7 Microbial Pectinases and Their Applications ............................ 107 Abha Sharma, Anita Shrivastava, Sonia Sharma, Rishi Gupta, and Ramesh Chander Kuhad ix