Biosolids Engineering and Management

813 Pages·2008·13.2 MB·English

by  Nazih K. Shammas

Biosolids Engineering and Management
HumanaPress
HandbookofEnvironmentalEngineeringSeries
Volume1:AirPollutionControlEngineering.L.K.Wang,N.C.Pereira,andY.T.Hung(eds.)
504pp.(2004)
Volume2:AdvancedAirandNoisePollutionControl.L.K.Wang,N.C.Pereira,andY.T.Hung
(eds.)526pp.(2005)
Volume3:PhysicochemicalTreatmentProcesses.L.K.Wang,Y.T.Hung,andN.K.Shammas
(eds.)723pp.(2005)
Volume4:AdvancedPhysicochemicalTreatmentProcesses.L.K.Wang,Y.T.Hung,andN.K.
Shammas(eds.)690pp.(2006)
Volume5:AdvancedPhysicochemicalTreatmentTechnologies.L.K.Wang,Y.T.Hung,andN.
K.Shammas(eds.)710pp.(2007)
Volume 6: Biosolids Treatment Processes. L.K. Wang, N.K. Shammas, and Y.T. Hung (eds.)
820pp.(2007)
Volume7:BiosolidsEngineeringandManagement.L.K.Wang,N.K.Shammas,andY.T.Hung
(eds.)800pp.(2008)
Volume 8: Biological Treatment Processes. L. K. Wang, N. C. Pereira, Y. T. Hung, and N. K.
Shammas(eds.)(2008)
VOLUME 7
HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Biosolids Engineering
and Management
Edited by
Lawrence K. Wang, , ,
PhD PE DEE
LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology,Lenox,MA
KroftaEngineeringCorporation,Lenox,MA
ZorexCorporation,Newtonville,NY
Nazih K. Shammas,
PhD
LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology,Lenox,MA
KroftaEngineeringCorporation,Lenox,MA
Yung-Tse Hung, , ,
PhD PE DEE
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
ClevelandStateUniversity,Cleveland,OH
Editors
LawrenceK.Wang
Dean&Director(retired),LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology
AssistanttothePresident,KroftaEngineeringCorporation
VicePresident,ZorexCorporation
1DawnDrive,Latham,NY12110USA
[email protected]
[email protected]
NazihK.Shammas
ProfessorandEnvironmentalEngineeringConsultant
Ex-DeanandDirector,LenoxInstituteofWaterTechnology
Advisor,KroftaEngineeringCorporation
35FlintstoneDrive,Pittsfield,MA01201,USA
[email protected]
[email protected]
Yung-TseHung
Professor,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
ClevelandStateUniversity
16945DeerfieldDrive,Strongsville,OH44136,USA
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-58829-861-4 e-ISBN978-1-59745-174-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008922724
(cid:1)c 2008HumanaPress,apartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionof
thepublisher(HumanaPress,999RiverviewDrive,Suite208,Totowa,NJ07512USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsin
connectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,
electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedis
forbidden.
Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentified
assuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoingtopress,neither
theauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybe
made.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
TheEditorsoftheHandbookofEnvironmentalEngineeringseriesdedicatethisvolume
andallsubsequentvolumestoThomasL.Lanigan(1938–2006),thefounderandPresi-
dentofHumanaPress,whoencourgedandvigorouslysupportedtheeditorsandmany
contributorsaroundtheworldtoembarkonthisambitious,life-longhandbookproject
(1978–2009)forthesolepurposeofprotectingourenvironment,inturn,benefitingour
entiremankind.
Preface
The past thirty years have seen a growing desire worldwide that positive
actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading
effects of all forms of pollution—air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is
a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for
“zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste.
However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate
the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major
questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified:
(1)Howseriousisthepollution?(2)Isthetechnologytoabateitavailable?(3)Do
thecostsofabatementjustifythedegreeofabatementachieved?Thisbookisone
ofthevolumesoftheHandbookofEnvironmentalEngineeringseries.Theprincipal
intention of this series is to help readers formulate answers to the above three
questions.
Thetraditionalapproachofapplyingtried-and-truesolutionstospecificpol-
lution problems has been a major contributor to the success of environmen-
tal engineering and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of
a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization of the ever-
increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental prob-
lems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement
systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of
the performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution
abatement available for environmental scientists and engineers. This series of
handbooks reviews at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems
(processes, operations, and methods) currently being utilized, or of potential
utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified interdisciplinary
approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of
environmentalengineering.
Discussion of the various engineering systems presented shows how an
engineering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental
principles and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics.
This emphasis on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice
has in recent years become more firmly based on scientific principles rather
than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts. It is not
intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the
mosteconomicdesign;certainengineeringsystemsarenotreadilyamenableto
fundamental scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less
scienceinfavorofmoreartandempiricism.
Sinceanenvironmentalengineermustunderstandsciencewithinthecontext
of application, we first present the development of the scientific basis of a
particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts and
operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental
vii
viii Preface
quality control or remediation. Throughout the series, methods of practical
design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples
clearlydemonstratehoworganized,analyticalreasoningleadstothemostdirect
andclearsolutions.Whereverpossible,pertinentcostdatahavebeenprovided.
Ourtreatmentofpollution-abatementengineeringisofferedinthebeliefthat
thetrainedengineershouldmorefirmlyunderstandfundamentalprinciples,be
more aware of the similarities and differences among many of the engineering
systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and
innovativesolutionofenvironmentalpollutionproblems.Inshort,theenviron-
mentalengineershouldbyconvictionandpracticebemorereadilyadaptableto
changeandprogress.
Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has
demanded an expertise that could only be provided through multiple authors.
The authors use their customary personal style in organizing and presenting
their topics; consequently, the topics are not discussed in a homogeneous man-
ner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some of the authors’ topics could
notbediscussedingreatdetail,andmanylessimportanttopicshadtobemerely
mentionedorcommentedonbriefly.Allauthorshaveprovidedanexcellentlist
ofreferencesattheendofeachchapterforthebenefitoftheinterestedreaders.
As each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among
the various texts was unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions
are the responsibility of the editors and not the individual authors. With the
current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of
unitshasbeenaproblem.Whereverpossible,theauthorshaveusedtheBritish
system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa.
Conversion factors for environmental engineers are attached as an appendix in
thishandbookfortheconvenienceofinternationalreaders.Theeditorssincerely
hopethatthisduplicationofunitswillprovetobeusefultothereader.
The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are (1) to cover
entire environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid
waste processing and resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes,
biologicaltreatmentprocesses,biosolidsmanagement,waterresources,natural
controlprocesses,radioactivewastedisposal,andthermalpollutioncontrol;and
(2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental pollution control since
air,water,soil,andenergyareallinterrelated.
Ascanbeseenfromtheabovehandbookcoverage,noconsiderationisgiven
to pollution by type of industry, or to the abatement of specific pollutants.
Rather, the organization of the handbook series has been based on the three
basicformsinwhichpollutantsandwastearemanifested:gas,solid,andliquid.
Inaddition,noisepollutioncontrolisincludedinthehandbookseries.
Thisbook,volume7,BiosolidsEngineeringandManagement,isasisterbookto
volume6,BiosolidsTreatmentProcesses.Bothbiosolidsbookshavebeendesigned
to serve as basic biosolids treatment textbooks as well as comprehensive ref-
erence books. We hope and expect they will prove of equally high value to
advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers of wastewater,
Preface ix
biosolids, and sludge treatment systems, and to scientists and researchers. The
editorswelcomecommentsfromreadersinallofthesecategories.Itisourhope
thatbothbookswillnotonlyprovideinformationonthephysical,chemical,and
biological treatment technologies, but also serve as a basis for advanced study
or specialized investigation of the theory and practice of individual biosolids
managementsystems.
This book (Volume 7) covers the topics of sludge and biosolids transport,
pumping and storage, sludge conversion to biosolids, waste chlorination for
stabilization, regulatory requirements, cost estimation, beneficial utilization,
agricultural land application, biosolids landfill engineering, ocean disposal
technology assessment, combustion and incineration, and process selection for
biosolids management systems. The sister book (Volume 6) covers topics on
biosolids characteristics and quantity, gravity thickening, flotation thickening,
centrifugation, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, lime stabilization, low-
temperature thermal processes, high-temperature thermal processes, chemical
conditioning,stabilization,elutriation,polymerconditioning,drying,beltfilter,
composting, vertical shaft digestion, flotation, biofiltration, pressurized ozona-
tion,evaporation,pressurefiltration,vacuumfiltration,anaerobiclagoons,ver-
micomposting,irradiation,andlandapplication.
The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support
received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages
of this endeavor. We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and
effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and
comments.Weareverygratefultoourrespectivefamiliesfortheirpatienceand
understandingduringsomerathertryingtimes.
LawrenceK.Wang,Lenox,MA
NazihK.Shammas,Lenox,MA
Yung-TseHung,Cleveland,OH
Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................. vii
Contributors....................................................................................................................xxi
1. TransportandPumpingofSewageSludgeandBiosolids
NazihK.ShammasandLawrenceK.Wang........................................................... 1
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. SewageSludgeandBiosolids........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. BiosolidsApplications...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. TransportandPumpingofSewageSludgeandBiosolids............................................................................... 2
2. Pumping...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1. TypesofSludgeandBiosolidsPumps............................................................................................................. 3
2.2. ApplicationandPerformanceEvaluationofSludgeandSludge/BiosolidsPumps...................................... 12
2.3. ControlConsiderations...................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Pipelines...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1. Pipe,Fittings,andValves.................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2. Long-DistanceTransport................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3. HeadlossCalculations....................................................................................................................................... 21
3.4. DesignGuidance................................................................................................................................................ 22
3.5. In-LineGrinding................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.6. Cost..................................................................................................................................................................... 26
4. DewateredWastewaterSolidsConveyance.............................................................................................................. 28
4.1. ManualTransportofScreeningsandGrit........................................................................................................ 29
4.2. BeltConveyors................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.3. ScrewConveyors............................................................................................................................................... 32
4.4. Positive-Displacement–TypeConveyors.......................................................................................................... 33
4.5. PneumaticConveyors........................................................................................................................................ 33
4.6. ChutesandInclinedPlanes............................................................................................................................... 36
4.7. Odors.................................................................................................................................................................. 36
5. Long-DistanceWastewaterSolidsHauling.............................................................................................................. 36
5.1. TruckTransportation......................................................................................................................................... 37
5.2. RailTransportation............................................................................................................................................ 42
5.3. BargeTransportation......................................................................................................................................... 47
5.4. DesignofSludge/BiosolidsHauling................................................................................................................ 51
5.5. Example.............................................................................................................................................................. 54
6. PotentialRisktoBiosolidsExposure........................................................................................................................ 55
6.1. BiosolidsConstituentsthatRequireControlofWorkerExposure................................................................. 56
6.2. StepstoBeTakenforProtectionofWorkers................................................................................................... 57
Nomenclature.................................................................................................................................................................. 59
References........................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Appendix.......................................................................................................................................................................... 64
2. ConversionofSewageSludgetoBiosolids
OmotayoS.Amuda,AnDeng,AbbasO.Alade,
andYung-TseHung................................................................................................... 65
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 65
1.1. SewageandSewageSludgeGeneration........................................................................................................... 65
1.2. CompositionandCharacteristicsofSewage.................................................................................................... 66
1.3. SewageandSewageSludgeTreatment............................................................................................................ 68
1.4. BiosolidsRegulations........................................................................................................................................ 70
xi
xii Contents
2. SewageClarification.................................................................................................................................................. 72
2.1. SedimentationClarification............................................................................................................................. 72
2.2. FlotationClarification...................................................................................................................................... 72
2.3. MembraneClarification................................................................................................................................... 73
3. SewageSludgeStabilization..................................................................................................................................... 73
3.1. AerobicStabilization....................................................................................................................................... 74
3.2. AlkalineStabilization...................................................................................................................................... 75
3.3. AdvancedAlkalineStabilization.................................................................................................................... 77
3.4. AnaerobicDigestion........................................................................................................................................ 77
3.5. Composting...................................................................................................................................................... 84
3.6. Pasteurization................................................................................................................................................... 86
3.7. Deep-ShaftDigestion...................................................................................................................................... 87
4. Conditioning............................................................................................................................................................... 87
4.1. ChemicalConditioning................................................................................................................................... 87
4.2. HeatConditioning............................................................................................................................................ 88
4.3. CellDestruction............................................................................................................................................... 89
4.4. OdorConditioning........................................................................................................................................... 90
4.5. Electrocoagulation........................................................................................................................................... 91
4.6. EnzymeConditioning...................................................................................................................................... 92
4.7. Freezing............................................................................................................................................................ 92
5. Thickening.................................................................................................................................................................. 93
5.1. GravityThickening.......................................................................................................................................... 93
5.2. CentrifugationThickening.............................................................................................................................. 95
5.3. GravityBeltThickening.................................................................................................................................. 97
5.4. FlotationThickening....................................................................................................................................... 97
5.5. RotaryDrumThickening................................................................................................................................ 97
5.6. AnoxicGasFlotationThickening................................................................................................................... 97
5.7. MembraneThickening.................................................................................................................................... 99
5.8. RecuperativeThickening.................................................................................................................................100
5.9. MetalScreenThickening................................................................................................................................100
6. DewateringandDrying..............................................................................................................................................100
6.1. BeltFilterPress................................................................................................................................................100
6.2. Recessed-PlateFilterPress.............................................................................................................................101
6.3. Centrifuges.......................................................................................................................................................103
6.4. DryingBeds.....................................................................................................................................................104
6.5. VacuumFiltration............................................................................................................................................106
6.6. Electro-Dewatering..........................................................................................................................................107
6.7. MetalScreenFiltration....................................................................................................................................107
6.8. TextileMediaFiltration...................................................................................................................................108
6.9. MembraneFilterPress.....................................................................................................................................109
6.10. ThermalConditioningandDewatering..........................................................................................................109
6.11. Drying...............................................................................................................................................................109
7. OtherProcesses..........................................................................................................................................................113
7.1. FocusedElectrodeLeakLocator(FELL)Electroscanning...........................................................................113
7.2. LystekThermal/ChemicalProcess.................................................................................................................113
7.3. KilnInjection...................................................................................................................................................113
8. CaseStudy..................................................................................................................................................................114
9. Summary.....................................................................................................................................................................114
Acronyms.........................................................................................................................................................................114
References........................................................................................................................................................................115
3. BiosolidsThickening-DewateringandSeptageTreatment
NazihK.Shammas,AzniIdris,KatayonSaed,Yung-TseHung,
andLawrenceK.Wang.............................................................................................121
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................122
2. ExpressorPress..........................................................................................................................................................123
3. Som-A-System...........................................................................................................................................................125
4. CentriPress..................................................................................................................................................................127