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Springer Series in Biophysics 22 N. Chari Prasad Mukkavilli Laxminarayana Parayitam Editors Biophysics of Insect Flight Springer Series in Biophysics Volume 22 SeriesEditor BorisMartinac,MolecularCardiology&Biophysics,VictorChangCardiac ResearchInstitute,Darlinghurst,NSW,Australia The“SpringerSeriesinBiophysics”spansallareasofmodernbiophysics,suchas molecular, membrane, cellular or single molecule biophysics. More than that, it is one of the few series of its kind to present biophysical research material from a biologicalperspective. Allpostgraduates,researchersandscientistsworkinginbiophysicalresearchwill benefitfromthecomprehensiveandtimelyvolumesofthiswell-structuredseries. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/835 · · N. Chari Prasad Mukkavilli Laxminarayana Parayitam Editors Biophysics of Insect Flight Editors N.Chari PrasadMukkavilli KakatiyaUniversity SNIST Warangal,Telangana,India Hyderabad,India LaxminarayanaParayitam ResearchandTrainingUnitfor NavigationalElectronics OsmaniaUniversity Hyderabad,India ISSN0932-2353 ISSN1868-2561 (electronic) SpringerSeriesinBiophysics ISBN978-981-16-5183-0 ISBN978-981-16-5184-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5184-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore AbouttheInsectintheFigure Insectflightischaracterizedbylowmass,chitinousflappingflexiblemembranous wings, low Re, low AR, low L/D ratio, medium frequency and flexible resilin as anelastomeratthewingbase.ThisbookdealswithproblemsassociatedwithMAV prototypedesignbasedonthefeaturesandcharacteristicsofinsectflight. It may be possible to suggest the design of an experimental/prototype for bio- mimickinginsectMAV.Thepracticalproblemsofnanodesigncomeinabigway whiledealingwithproblemsofwindflow.Lackofknowledgeofflowphysicsatlow Reposesamajorhurdleinathoroughunderstandingoftheanalysisofinsectflight aswellasinsectmimickingMAVdesign. Such MAVs require small flapping flexible wings undergoing structural defor- mationswhileproducingtherequiredaerodynamicforces.Theresultingaeroelastic effectsneedtobeproperlyunderstoodtogetaprototypeMAVmodel.Information on flapping flexible wings is too meager for its design. A possible solution might comebytheselectiveuseofnano-technologyfortheprototypeofdesigns. Exclusive aspects of insect flight morphology, bio-aerodynamics and Moment ofInertia(MI)havebeendiscussedfordevelopingbio-mimickingprototypeMicro AerialVehicles(MAV).MajorexperimentsandtestshavebeencarriedoutonTesser- atomajavanica(T.j),Soapnutbugasanidealflier.TheseinsectsarefoundinSouth AsiancountriesincludingIndiaandAfrica.Atemperature-andhumidity-controlled Entodome has been constructed for the first time in India especially for breeding andculturingthesewildinsectsallaroundtheyear.Theinsectflightmodelcouldbe suggestedbasedonextensiveresearchworkcarriedoutforthelastfiftyyearsatK. U.WarangalandSNIST,Hyderabad. Anano-torsionbalancewasusedatNationalAerospaceLaboratories(NAL)to measurevariousaerodynamicforceslikethrust,liftandbodymass,whichisofthe order of less than a gram. Wings on both the sides weigh about 20 mg. The lift and torque forces in the tethered flight of T.j are observed on an oscilloscope for measuring the bioacoustic sound and aerodynamic forces. Thoracic pro-scutellum shapeandtergum(geometry)playavitalroleinthisinsectflight.Soapnutbugisa moderatehigh-frequencyflier. Thesmokestudiesareconductedonaliveinsecttostudytheflowvisualization withandwithoutflappingforthefirsttimebycollaboratingwiththescientistsfrom NAL-MAVunit,Bangalore.Furtherdetailedexperimentalstudiesareunderprogress. Thewingbeatfrequency,liftandtorqueparametershavebeenestimatedintethered flightbyusingasensitivetorsionbalance.Alow-speedwindtunnelwasfabricated forestimatingfrequency,velocityandotheraerodynamicforces. TheMIcharacteristicsandWingLoadingstudieshavebeencarriedoutextensively onT.jbyusingthestrip-analysismethod.Thesestudiesarehelpfultoestimatewing geometry,wingbeatfrequency,associatedaerodynamicparametersandwingdesigns. Wingspanloadingstudieshavebeensuggestedforunderstandinginsectflightsince thisparameterhappenstobetheratioofwingloadingtoaspectratioandisofpractical importanceincomparativebio-aerodynamicstudies,leadingtonano-technological bio-mimickingdesigns. Preface IamhighlyobligedtoNDRFauthorities,Bangalore,forfinancialassistance,encour- agementandkindcooperation.TheauthorisgratefultoHonourableSecretary,Dr. K.T.MahheandExecutiveDirector,Prof.P.NarasimhaReddy,SNISTforthe generousfacilities,encouragementandsupportforcompletingthisproject.Iappre- ciateallmyco-authorsfortheirkindcooperation,patienceandencouragementduring difficulttimes. I thank my wife Mrs. Asha Bai for constant encouragement and maintaining domesticpeace. WeareextremelygratefultohonorablereviewersofthebookfromNDRFand Springer,whichhelpedusalottoimprovethestandardofthebook. Myself and my co-editors are extremely grateful to Springer Publications for excellinginprintinganddeliveringthebookin-time. Hyderabad,India N.Chari ChiefEditorandAuthor vii Contents 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 N.ChariandPonnaSrinivas 2 FlightaRetrospectaBriefReview .............................. 9 N.ChariandPonnaSrinivas 3 AerodynamicConsiderations ................................... 17 PrasadMukkavilli, N.Chari, A.ShubhanandaRao, andA.G.Sarwade 4 FlightMorphologyandFlightMuscles .......................... 41 N.Chari,A.Ravi,PonnaSrinivas,andA.Uma 5 TypesofTexturesinInsectWingsandClassification .............. 57 N.Chari,A.P.Rao,PonnaSrinivas,andN.Girish 6 TheoriesonHoveringFlightofInsects .......................... 77 N.Chari,PrasadMukkavilli,A.G.Sarwade,andD.Sandhya 7 MomentofInertiaandMutilationStudiesofanInsectWing ...... 89 N.Chari,PrasadMukkavilli,A.G.Sarwade,andKamalakarPallela 8 ChitinousMembranesandAnalogousMaterial .................. 107 N.Chari,SeshaSrinivasVutukuru,R.Saicharan,andA.Uma 9 Aeroelasticity ................................................. 121 N.Chari,PrasadMukkavilli,A.G.Sarwade,andKamalakarPallela 10 InsectMigration .............................................. 133 PonnaSrinivas, KamalakarPallela, G.SurenderReddy, andN.Chari 11 MAVDesignAspectsUsingMEMS ............................. 143 SuryanarayanaPalleboinaandKamalakarPallela ix x Contents 12 Bio-mimickingMAVsBasedonInsectFlightStudies ............. 155 N.Chari,PrasadMukkavilli,andA.G.Sarwade 13 Navigation—AGeneralOverview ............................... 167 LaxminarayanaParayitam, SaraswathiSirikonda, SuryanarayanaPalleboina,andN.Chari 14 WingbeatFrequencyTheories—AMathematicalApproach ....... 187 G.ShailajaandN.Chari 15 CommentsonBio-physicsofInsectFlight(PresentandFuture) .... 197 K.M.R.Achary,N.Chari,andPonnaSrinivas References ........................................................ 203 Index ............................................................. 207