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Biometry Technology, Trends and Applications Editors Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos Ricardo Zavala-Yoé Luz María Alonso-Valerdi Ruben Morales-Menendez Belinda Carrión Pedro Ponce Cruz Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Monterrey, Mexico p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for) ISBN: 978-0-367-70247-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-70250-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-14524-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003145240 Typeset in Times New Roman by Radiant Productions Preface Throughout history, humankind has been progressing steadily in the generation of knowledge and applications using such findings. In this context, different revolutions have emerged across the years, such as in agriculture, industry, technology, science, and, most recently, information. Information technologies refer to the analysis, structuring and interpretation of vast amounts of data and information available as an endless resource for research, and development in different fields. Healthcare represents one among many other fields with increasing applications of information technologies. Biometric systems are some of the most notorious representatives of this type of technology. These systems obtain relevant information regarding our bodies and behaviors. Many innovative solutions under this scheme generate biosensors, the development of personalized healthcare services, intelligent fitness applications, wearable devices, and algorithms for predicting pathologies and health risks based on readings and analyses of physiological features, among other data. Thus, biometric systems provide the means to identify, authenticate, and model individuals in a reliable way through unique physiological and behavioral features. Ultimately, such systems generate information and knowledge about the health and behavior of humans. Biometrics has been an essential component in security, military, and criminology, and new types of biometric systems are emerging as essential platforms in healthcare, smart cities, and industrial business. Former and seminal applications in health, ergonomics, transportation, industry, education, neuromarketing, and arts could lead these efforts to develop biometric systems to become an everyday asset. Such systems will strongly support the health, wellness, and performance of humans. These are current opportunities as the reliability and wearability of these technologies dare and inspire our researchers to look for innovative solutions for humanity. This book presents a compilation of biometric technologies studied and developed in various research groups in Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico. A summary of biometric systems as a whole provides a starting point for all readers. It explains the principles behind physiological and behavioral biometrics. It explores different types of commercial and experimental technology and current and future applications in the fields of security, military, criminology, healthcare, education, business, and marketing. iv Biometry: Technology, Trends and Applications The following chapters include more in-depth descriptions of research methods and results from studies where biometric systems are the main protagonists. Among the selected topics are • The analysis of brain signals, or electroencephalography (EEG) in mobile and home EEG in natural environments of children, as well as in the monitoring of epileptic encephalopathies in children. • The development of functional Human Machine Interfaces (HMI) and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). • A description of the BCI framework and novel applications-oriented towards rehabilitation, human performance, and treatment monitoring. • Some t echniques as machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence aid in the diagnosis, seizure detection, and data-centered medical decisions. Finally, the authors highlight that this book is a compilation of biometric systems, and many other exciting research proposals exist. Therefore, we hope readers will become interested in such technology, and the invitation is open to keep researching and innovating in this field. November 22nd, 2021 Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza Monterrey, Mexico To Thelma, Jehosefat, Jorge, Ignacio, Victoria and Georgina, We are one. — J. Lozoya-Santos To Pily, Montse, Georgy, Marianne, my parents and my grandparents. — R. Morales-Menéndez To my very dear little daughter Arantza, for her love and strength. — R. Zavala-Yoé To future biomedical engineers and scientists where technology and health knowledge can meet to provide better health care. — B. Carrión To my family and friends that reminded of enjoying the little detours in life. — E.A. Martínez-Ríos To my parents Gandhi and Isabel, my sister Guadalupe and my dear Vic for their love and support. — J.I. Méndez To my beloved wife Saracelly and my daughter Regina, for their support and loving patience. — H.G. Gonzalez-Hernandez To my wife Lolis and my children Andrea, Ilse and Diego. — D. Antonio-Torres For my family, my haven of endless motivation. — W. Carballo-Hernandez To Pedro and Jamie, my children who teach me every day my life how to be happy. — P. Ponce Cruz The work dignifies, the discipline magnifies and the constancy exalts. — L.M. Alonso-Valerdi My deepest thanks to God for allowing me to finish this book. — R.A. Ramirez-Mendoza Contents Preface iii Symbol Description xii 1. Current and Future Biometrics: Technology and Applications 1 Jorge de J Lozoya‑Santos, Mauricio A Ramírez‑Moreno, Gladys G Diaz‑Armas, Luis F Acosta‑Soto, Milton O Candela Leal, Rafael Abrego‑Ramos and Ricardo A Ramirez‑Mendoza 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biometrics 1 1.2.1 Physiological biometrics 2 1.2.2 Behavioral biometrics 2 1.3 Technology 5 1.3.1 Sensors 5 1.3.2 Typical setups 6 1.3.3 Methods 7 1.3.4 Commercial technology 10 1.3.4.1 Wearable biometrics 10 1.3.4.2 Laboratory biometric systems 13 1.4 Trends 14 1.4.1 Connected systems 15 1.4.2 Digital twins 15 1.4.2.1 Behavioral 16 1.4.2.2 Human body 16 1.4.2.3 Sports 17 1.4.2.4 Healthcare 17 1.4.3 Smart communities 17 1.5 Applications 19 1.5.1 Health 19 1.5.2 Education 20 1.5.2.1 Neural imaging 20 1.5.2.2 GSR 21 1.5.2.3 Camera 21 1.5.2.4 Others 21 Contents vii 1.5.3 Business 22 1.5.3.1 Biometrics as a service 22 1.5.3.2 Financial services user authentication 22 1.5.3.3 Workplace biometrics 23 1.5.4 Marketing 24 1.5.4.1 Neuromarketing 24 1.5.4.2 General biometrics 24 1.5.5 Industry 26 1.5.5.1 How and why biometry has been applied in 26 industries 1.5.5.2 Biometric applications which have been 27 proven to have an impact on industries and their workers 1.5.5.3 Future research proposals and opportunities 28 1.5.6 Sports 28 1.5.6.1 Biometrics relevance in sports 28 1.5.6.2 Biometric applications in sports and results 28 1.5.6.3 Future research areas and important 29 considerations 1.6 Glossary 30 2. Analysis of Electrophysiological Activity of the Nervous 31 System: Towards Neural Engineering Applications Luz María Alonso‑Valerdi 2.1 Bioelectrical human information 31 2.1.1 Electrophysiological activity of the nervous system 32 2.1.2 What is digital biosignal processing for? 34 2.1.3 PhyGUI: A didactic tool to teach DBP 35 2.1.3.1 Data acquisition 35 2.1.3.2 Time-domain analysis 35 2.1.3.3 Frequency-domain analysis 36 2.1.3.4 Time-frequency analysis 36 2.2 Analysis of electrophysiological activity 37 2.2.1 Preprocessing of electrophysiological signals 37 2.2.1.1 Referencing methods 37 2.2.1.2 Signal conditioning 38 2.2.1.3 Rejection and removal of artifacts 39 2.2.2 Processing of electrophysiological signals 40 2.2.2.1 Time Domain 40 viii Biometry: Technology, Trends and Applications 2.2.2.2 Frequency domain 41 2.2.2.3 Time-frequency domain 42 2.2.3 Processing of EEG signals 42 2.2.3.1 Spontaneous activity 42 2.2.3.2 Evoked activity 43 2.2.3.3 Induced activity 44 2.2.4 Tools for electrophysiological analysis 45 2.3 Neural engineering technology 47 2.3.1 Neuronal interface for the evaluation of mental 47 rotation tasks 2.3.2 EEG monitoring of vigil and fatigue states during 48 Laparoscopic tasks 2.3.3 Environmental noise at library learning commons affects 48 electrophysiological functioning 2.3.4 Do user-centered designed paradigms for BCIs improve 49 the modulation of EEG signals? 2.3.5 How effective are acoustic therapies for tinnitus? A 49 psychometric and neurophysiological evaluation 3. Applications of Machine Learning Classifiers in Epileptic 50 Seizure Detection Mohammad Kubeb Siddiqui and Ruben Morales‑Menendez 3.1 Introduction 50 3.1.1 Impact of epilepsy 51 3.1.2 Phases of seizure 52 3.1.3 Seizure types 53 3.1.3.1 Partial seizure 53 3.1.3.2 Generalized seizure 53 3.1.4 Lobes of brain 55 3.2 Epileptic seizure monitoring tool 55 3.2.1 Electroencephalography 56 3.2.1.1 10–20 international system 57 3.2.2 Electrocorticography 59 3.3 Machine learning methods 60 3.3.1 Supervised learning methods 61 3.3.1.1 Decision tree 62 3.3.1.2 Decision forest 62 3.3.1.3 Random forest 63 3.3.1.4 Support vector machine 64 Contents ix 3.3.1.5 K-Nearest Neighbour 64 3.3.1.6 Artificial neural network 65 3.3.2 Unsupervised learning methods 65 3.3.2.1 Clustering 65 3.3.2.2 k-means 66 3.3.2.3 Genetic clustering 66 3.4 Epileptic seizure detection 67 3.4.1 Onset of seizure detection 67 3.4.2 Quick seizure detection 68 3.4.3 Seizure detection on class imbalance EEG dataset 68 3.4.4 Seizure localization 68 3.4.5 Challenges in seizure detection 69 3.5 Case study 70 3.5.1 Child hospital Boston‑Massachusetts Institute of 70 Technology dataset 3.6 Conclusions 73 4. Simultaneous Evaluation of Children Epileptic Encephalopathies 75 with Long-Term EEG via Space-Time Dynamic Entropies Ricardo Zavala‑Yo´e and Ricardo A Ramirez‑Mendoza 4.1 Introduction 75 4.1.1 The Doose syndrome 76 4.1.2 The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 76 4.1.3 Raison d’eˆtre 77 4.2 Methods: subjects and metrics for DS and LGS 78 4.2.1 Conditions 78 4.2.2 Subjects 79 4.2.3 Antiepileptic drugs (AED) prescribed to the subjects 79 4.2.4 Patient A 80 4.2.5 Patient B 81 4.2.6 Patient C 81 4.2.7 Patient D 81 4.2.8 Patient E 81 4.2.9 EEG general information 81 4.2.10 Entropy metrics 82 4.2.11 Modified MSE basic algorithm 82 4.2.12 Modified MSE algorithm 83 4.2.13 MSE index 84 4.2.14 BMSE and BMSE index: three dimensional 86 complexity information