BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume IV: Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis

419 Pages·2007·13.74 MB·English

by  Tuan Vo-Dinh (auth.)

BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Volume IV
Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis
BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Mauro Ferrari, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief
Professor,BrownInstituteofMolecularMedicineChairman
DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofExperimentalTherapeutics
UniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBioengineering
RiceUniversity,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology
UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,Galveston,TX
President,theTexasAllianceforNanoHealth
Houston,TX
Volume IV
Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis
Edited by
Rashid Bashir and Steve Wereley
PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN
RashidBashir
PurdueUniversity
WestLafayette,Indiana
SteveWereley
PurdueUniversity
WestLafayette,Indiana
MauroFerrari
OhioStateUniversity
Columbus,Ohio
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
VolumeIV
ISBN-10: 0-387-25566-4 e-ISBN10: 0-387-25845-0 Printedonacid-freepaper.
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25566-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-0387-25845-4
Set
ISBN-10: 0-387-25661-3 e-ISBN:10: 0-387-25749-7
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25561-3 e-ISBN:13: 978-0387-25749-5
(cid:1)C 2006SpringerScience+BusinessMediaLLC
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN11408253
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DedicatedtoRichardSmalley(1943–2005),inMemoriam
ToRick,
fatherfounderofnanotechnology
primeinspirationforitsapplicationstomedicine
graciousmentortoitsresearchers
ourlight—foreverinthetrencheswithus
(RickSmalleyreceivedthe1996ChemistryNobelPrize
fortheco-discoveryofcarbon-60buckeyballs)
Contents
ListofContributors......................................................... xv
Foreword................................................................... xix
Preface..................................................................... xxi
I. MicroandNanoscaleBiosensorsandMaterials........................... 1
1. BiosensorsandBiochips ................................................ 3
TuanVo-Dinh
1.1 Introduction......................................................... 3
1.2 Biosensors........................................................... 5
1.2.1 DifferentTypesofBioreceptors.................................. 5
1.2.2 TypesofTransducers........................................... 11
1.3 Biochips............................................................. 14
1.3.1 MicroarraySystems............................................ 14
1.3.2 IntegratedBiochipSystems..................................... 16
1.4 Conclusion.......................................................... 18
Acknowledgements...................................................................... 18
References................................................................................. 19
2. CantileverArrays ...................................................... 21
MinYue,ArunMajumdar,andThomasThundat
2.1 Introduction......................................................... 21
2.2 Theory.............................................................. 22
2.3 ReadoutTechniques.................................................. 24
2.3.1 OpticalBeamDeflectionof1DCantileverArray.................. 24
2.3.2 OpticalBeamDeflectionof2DArray............................ 24
2.3.3 PiezoresistiveCantileverArray.................................. 27
2.4 Microfluidics........................................................ 27
2.5 BiomolecularReactionAssays......................................... 28
2.5.1 DetectionofDNA.............................................. 29
2.5.2 DetectionofPSA.............................................. 30
2.6 Conclusions......................................................... 31
References................................................................................. 32
viii CONTENTS
3. AnOn-ChipArtificialPoreforMolecularSensing ....................... 35
O.A.SalehandL.L.Sohn
3.1 Introduction......................................................... 35
3.2 TheBasicDevice:FabricationandMeasurement........................ 35
3.2.1 FabricationofthePore.......................................... 36
3.2.2 PoreMeasurement............................................. 37
3.2.3 PDMS-BasedPore............................................. 40
3.3 Applications......................................................... 44
3.3.1 AnAll-ElectronicImmunoassay................................. 44
3.3.2 Summary...................................................... 50
3.3.3 SingleMoleculeDetection...................................... 51
3.4 Conclusions......................................................... 52
References................................................................................. 52
4. CellBasedSensingTechnologies ......................................... 55
CengizS.Ozkan,MihriOzkan,MoYang,XuanZhang,ShaliniPrasad,
andAndreMorgan
4.1 Overview............................................................ 55
4.2 Cell-BasedBiosensors................................................ 56
4.2.1 CellularMicroorganismBasedBiosensors........................ 57
4.2.2 FluorescenceBasedCellularBiosensors.......................... 58
4.2.3 ImpedanceBasedCellularBiosensors............................ 58
4.2.4 IntracellularPotentialBasedBiosensors.......................... 59
4.2.5 ExtracellularPotentialBasedBiosensors......................... 61
4.3 DesignandMethods.................................................. 63
4.3.1 RequirementsforCellBasedSensors ............................ 63
4.3.2 CellManipulationTechniques................................... 64
4.3.3 PrinciplesofDielectrophoresis(DEP)............................ 64
4.3.4 CellManipulationUsingDielectrophoresis(DEP)................. 66
4.3.5 CellTypesandParametersforDielectrophoreticPatterning......... 67
4.3.6 BiosensingSystem............................................. 67
4.3.7 CellCulture................................................... 68
4.3.8 ExperimentalMeasurementSystem.............................. 69
4.4 Measurements....................................................... 69
4.4.1 LongTermSignalRecordinginvivo............................. 69
4.4.2 InterpretationofBioelectricNoise............................... 73
4.4.3 InfluenceofGeometryandEnvironmentalFactors
ontheNoiseSpectrum.......................................... 74
4.4.4 SignalProcessing.............................................. 76
4.4.5 SelectionofChemicalAgents................................... 76
4.4.6 ControlExperiment............................................ 79
4.4.7 ChemicalAgentSensing........................................ 79
4.5 DiscussionandConclusion............................................ 87
References................................................................................. 89
CONTENTS ix
5. FabricationIssuesofBiomedicalMicroDevices .......................... 93
Nam-TrungNguyen
5.1 Introduction......................................................... 93
5.2 MaterialsforBiomedicalMicroDevices................................ 94
5.2.1 SiliconandGlass .............................................. 94
5.2.2 Polymers...................................................... 95
5.3 PolymericMicromachiningTechnologies............................... 97
5.3.1 Lithography................................................... 97
5.3.2 PolymericSurfaceMicromachining.............................. 100
5.3.3 ReplicationTechnologies....................................... 104
5.3.4 LaserMachining............................................... 106
5.4 PackagingofBiomedicalMicroDevices................................ 109
5.4.1 ThermalDirectBonding........................................ 109
5.4.2 AdhesiveBonding.............................................. 110
5.4.3 Interconnects.................................................. 110
5.5 BiocompatibilityofMaterialsandProcesses............................ 113
5.5.1 MaterialResponse............................................. 113
5.5.2 TissueandCellularResponse.................................... 113
5.5.3 BiocompatibilityTests.......................................... 113
5.6 Conclusions......................................................... 114
References................................................................................. 114
6. IntelligentPolymericNetworksinBiomolecularSensing .................. 117
NicholasA.PeppasandJ.ZacharyHilt
6.1 IntelligentPolymerNetworks.......................................... 118
6.1.1 Hydrogels..................................................... 119
6.1.2 EnvironmentallyResponsiveHydrogels.......................... 121
6.1.3 Temperature-SensitiveHydrogels................................ 121
6.1.4 pH-ResponsiveHydrogels ...................................... 122
6.1.5 BiohybridHydrogels........................................... 123
6.1.6 BiomolecularImprintedPolymers............................... 124
6.1.7 StarPolymerHydrogels ........................................ 125
6.2 ApplicationsofIntelligentPolymerNetworksasRecognitionElements.... 126
6.2.1 SensorApplications:IntelligentPolymerNetworksas
RecognitionMatrices........................................... 127
6.2.2 SensorApplications:IntelligentPolymerNetworksas
ActuationElements............................................ 128
6.3 Conclusions......................................................... 129
References................................................................................. 129
II. ProcessingandIntegratedSystems.........................................133
7. AMulti-FunctionalMicroTotalAnalysisSystem(µTAS)Platform ........ 135
AbrahamP.Lee,JohnCollins,andAsuncionV.Lemoff
7.1 Introduction......................................................... 135
x CONTENTS
7.2 MHDMicropumpforSampleTransportUsingMicrochannel
ParallelElectrodes.................................................... 136
7.2.1 PrincipleofOperation.......................................... 136
7.2.2 FabricationofSiliconMHDMicrofluidicPumps.................. 138
7.2.3 MeasurementSetupandResults................................. 139
7.2.4 MHDMicrofluidicSwitch...................................... 142
7.2.5 OtherMHDMicropumpsandFutureWork....................... 144
7.3 MicrochannelParallelElectrodesforSensingBiologicalFluids........... 145
7.3.1 MHDBasedFlowSensing...................................... 145
7.3.2 MHDBasedViscosityMeter.................................... 146
7.3.3 ImpedanceSensorswithMicroChannelParallelElectrodes......... 146
7.4 ParallelMicrochannelElectrodesforSamplePreparation................. 153
7.4.1 AMicrofluidicElectrostaticDNAExtractor ...................... 153
7.4.2 ChannelElectrodesforIsoelectricFocusingCombinedwith
FieldFlowFractionation........................................ 155
7.5 Summary............................................................ 156
References................................................................................. 157
8. DielectrophoreticTrapsforCellManipulation ........................... 159
JoelVoldman
8.1 Introduction......................................................... 159
8.2 TrappingPhysics..................................................... 160
8.2.1 FundamentalsofTrapDesign................................... 160
8.2.2 Dielectrophoresis.............................................. 162
8.2.3 OtherForces................................................... 169
8.3 DesignforUsewithCells............................................. 172
8.4 TrapGeometries..................................................... 175
8.4.1 n-DEPTrapGeometries........................................ 175
8.4.2 p-DEPTrapGeometries........................................ 179
8.4.3 LessonsforDEPTrapDesign................................... 179
8.5 QuantitatingTrapCharacteristics ...................................... 180
8.6 Conclusions......................................................... 182
8.7 Acknowledgements................................................... 182
References................................................................................. 183
9. BioMEMSforCellularManipulationandAnalysis ....................... 187
HaiboLi,RafaelGo´mez-Sjo¨berg,andRashidBashir
9.1 Introduction......................................................... 187
9.2 BioMEMSforCellularManipulationandSeparation..................... 188
9.2.1 Electrophoresis................................................ 189
9.2.2 Dielectrophoresis.............................................. 190
9.3 BioMEMSforCellularDetection...................................... 193
9.3.1 OpticalDetection.............................................. 194
9.3.2 MechanicalDetection.......................................... 196
9.3.3 ElectricalDetection............................................ 197
CONTENTS xi
9.4 ConclusionsandFutureDirections..................................... 200
Acknowledgements...................................................................... 201
References................................................................................. 201
10. ImplantableWirelessMicrosystems ..................................... 205
BabakZiaie
10.1 Introduction........................................................ 205
10.2 MicrosystemComponents............................................ 206
10.2.1 Transducers................................................. 206
10.2.2 InterfaceElectronics......................................... 207
10.2.3 WirelessCommunication..................................... 207
10.2.4 PowerSource................................................ 208
10.2.5 PackagingandEncapsulation................................. 209
10.3 DiagnosticMicrosystems............................................ 210
10.4 TherapeuticMicrosystems........................................... 213
10.5 RehabilitativeMicrosystems.......................................... 216
10.6 ConclusionsandFutureDirections.................................... 219
References............................................................................... 220
11. MicrofluidicTectonics .................................................. 223
J.AuraGimmandDavidJ.Beebe
11.1 Introduction........................................................ 223
11.2 TraditionalManufacturingMethods................................... 224
11.2.1 Micromachining............................................. 224
11.2.2 Micromolding............................................... 224
11.3 PolymericµFluidicManufacturingMethods........................... 225
11.3.1 SoftLithography............................................. 225
11.3.2 OtherMethods .............................................. 226
11.3.3 LiquidPhasePhotopolymerization—Microfluidic
Tectonics(µFT)............................................. 226
11.3.4 SystemsDesign.............................................. 227
11.3.5 Valves...................................................... 228
11.3.6 Pumps...................................................... 229
11.3.7 Filters...................................................... 230
11.3.8 Compartmentalization:“VirtualWalls”......................... 231
11.3.9 Mixers...................................................... 232
11.3.10 HydrogelasSensors ......................................... 234
11.3.11 SensorsThatChangeShape................................... 234
11.3.12 SensorsThatChangeColor................................... 235
11.3.13 Cell-gelSensors............................................. 236
11.3.14 LiposomeSensor............................................ 237
11.3.15 E-gel....................................................... 237
11.4 ConcludingRemarks................................................ 240
References............................................................................... 240
xii CONTENTS
12. ACElectrokineticStirringandFocusingofNanoparticles ................ 243
MarinSigurdson,Dong-EuiChang,IdanTuval,IgorMezic,andCarlMeinhart
12.1 Introduction........................................................ 243
12.2 ACElectrokineticPhenomena........................................ 244
12.3 DEP:ASystemTheoryApproach .................................... 244
12.4 Non-LocalDEPTrapping............................................ 247
12.5 ElectrothermalStirring............................................... 249
12.6 EnhancementofHeterogeneousReactions............................. 251
12.7 Conclusions........................................................ 253
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 254
References............................................................................... 254
III. Micro-fluidicsandCharacterization.......................................257
13. ParticleDynamicsinaDielectrophoreticMicrodevice .................... 259
S.T.WereleyandI.Whitacre
13.1 IntroductionandSetup.............................................. 259
13.1.1 DEPDevice.................................................. 259
13.1.2 DielectrophoresisBackground.................................. 260
13.1.3 MicroParticleImageVelocimetry.............................. 261
13.2 Modeling/Theory ................................................... 262
13.2.1 DeconvolutionMethod........................................ 262
13.2.2 SyntheticImageMethod....................................... 263
13.2.3 ComparisonofTechniques..................................... 264
13.3 ExperimentalResults................................................ 266
13.4 Conclusions........................................................ 275
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 275
References............................................................................... 275
14. MicroscaleFlowandTransportSimulationforElectrokinetic
andLab-on-ChipApplications .......................................... 277
DavidEricksonandDongqingLi
14.1 Introduction........................................................ 277
14.2 MicroscaleFlowandTransportSimulation ............................ 278
14.2.1 MicroscaleFlowAnalysis ..................................... 278
14.2.2 ElectricalDoubleLayer(EDL)................................. 280
14.2.3 AppliedElectricalField....................................... 282
14.2.4 ElectrokineticMicrotransportAnalysis.......................... 284
14.3 NumericalChallengesDuetoLengthScalesandResultingSimplification. 285
14.4 CaseStudyI:EnhancedSpeciesMixingUsingHeterogeneousPatches... 286
14.4.1 FlowSimulation.............................................. 288
14.4.2 MixingSimulation............................................ 289
14.5 CaseStudyII:ACElectroosmoticFlowsinaRectangularMicrochannel.. 290
14.5.1 FlowSimulation.............................................. 291
14.6 CaseStudyIII:PressureDrivenFlowoverHeterogeneousSurfaces
forElectrokineticCharacterization.................................... 293