Biomedical Optical Imaging Technologies: Design and Applications

390 Pages·2013·8.236 MB·English

by  Jianhua Zhao, Haishan Zeng (auth.), Rongguang Liang (eds.)

biological and medical physics,
biomedical engineering
•
biological and medical physics,
biomedical engineering
Thefieldsofbiologicalandmedicalphysicsandbiomedicalengineeringarebroad,multidisciplinaryand
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Editor-in-Chief:
EliasGreenbaum,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,Tennessee,USA
EditorialBoard:
MasuoAizawa,DepartmentofBioengineering, MarkS.Humayun,DohenyEyeInstitute,
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OlafS.Andersen,DepartmentofPhysiology, PierreJoliot,InstitutedeBiologie
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andCellularBiology,HarvardUniversity,
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JudithHerzfeld,DepartmentofChemistry,
BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,Massachusetts,USA
Rongguang Liang
Editor
Biomedical Optical
•
Imaging Technologies
Design and Applications
With 153 Figures
123
Editor:
RongguangLiang
College of Optical Sciences
University of Arizona
1630 E University Blvd
Tucson, AZ 85721
[email protected]
•
BiologicalandMedicalPhysics,BiomedicalEngineering ISSN1618-7210
ISBN978-3-642-28390-1 ISBN978-3-642-28391-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28391-8
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Preface
Biomedical optics is a rapidly growing area of research that has passed the
“tipping point” for technology transfer, with significant momentum toward com-
mercialization. Designing an imaging technique to meet the specific application
requirementsis oneof thekeysin thedevelopmentandcommercializationofnew
imagingtechnologies.Itrequiresasolidunderstandingofimagingtechnologiesand
special requirements for imaging applications; it also encompasses the selection
ofopticalconfigurations,lightsources,opticalcomponents,detectors,illumination
andimagingsystemdesigns,andtesting.
This book will provide an introductionto principles, designs, and applications
of a number of imaging technologies, including spectroscopy, photoacoustic,
fluorescence,hyperspectral,opticalcoherencetomography,confocal,multiphoton,
endomicroscopy,multimodal imaging, and multimodal tomography.Each chapter
covers (1) principles and limitations of optical imaging technology; (2) system
designandpracticalimplementationforoneortwospecificapplications,including
design guidelines, system configuration, optical design, component requirements
and selection, system optimization,and design examples;and (3) recentadvances
andapplicationsinbiomedicalresearchesandclinicalimaging.
There are many books on principles and applications of biomedical optical
imaging technologies; however, there is no book covering the topics of detailed
design and implementation for different biomedical optical imaging modalities.
This bookis intended to fill this gap by givinginterested readersthe fundamental
knowledge necessary for planning and designing successful biomedical imaging
techniquesfortheirspecificapplication.Thisbookcanbeusedasareferencebook
for students and professionals in optics and biomedical engineering. The reader
can learn the fundamentals,design principles,and implementationsof biomedical
opticalimagingtechnologies.
v
vi Preface
I thank the authors for their excellent contributions. I also thank Dr. Claus E.
Ascheron and the editorial staff of Springer Press for their contribution to the
successofthisbook.
Tucson,AZ,USA RongguangLiang
Contents
1 AdvancedSpectroscopyTechniqueforBiomedicine ................... 1
JianhuaZhaoandHaishanZeng
1.1 Introduction........................................................... 1
1.2 ComponentsforSpectroscopySystem.............................. 2
1.2.1 LightSources............................................... 3
1.2.2 OpticalFibers............................................... 6
1.2.3 Spectrograph/Monochromator............................. 9
1.2.4 FiltersandPolarizers....................................... 10
1.2.5 Detectors.................................................... 13
1.2.6 SpectroscopySystemCalibration.......................... 19
1.3 AdvancedSpectroscopySystems.................................... 20
1.3.1 Real-TimeRamanSpectroscopySystemfor
SkinDiagnosis.............................................. 21
1.3.2 Real-TimeRamanSpectroscopicSystemfor
EndoscopicLungCancerDetection ....................... 27
1.3.3 InVivoConfocalRamanSpectroscopySystem........... 30
1.3.4 OtherAdvancedSpectroscopySystems................... 33
1.4 ApplicationsofRamanSpectroscopyinBiomedicine ............. 35
1.4.1 SkinCancerDiagnosis ..................................... 35
1.4.2 LungCancerDiagnosis..................................... 37
1.4.3 ColonCancerDiagnosis.................................... 39
1.4.4 OralCancerDiagnosis ..................................... 40
1.4.5 GastricCancerDiagnosis .................................. 41
1.4.6 BreastCancerDiagnosis ................................... 43
1.4.7 CervicalCancerDiagnosis................................. 45
1.4.8 OtherApplications.......................................... 46
1.5 Summary.............................................................. 47
References.................................................................... 48
vii
viii Contents
2 Three-DimensionalOptical-ResolutionPhotoacousticMicroscopy... 55
SongHu,KonstantinMaslov,andLihongV.Wang
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 55
2.2 PrincipleandSystemDesign ........................................ 56
2.3 SystemConfiguration................................................ 58
2.4 SystemAlignment.................................................... 60
2.5 TypicalExperimentalProcedures ................................... 61
2.6 FunctionalImagingDesign.......................................... 63
2.6.1 SpectroscopicMeasurementof Oxygen
SaturationofHemoglobin.................................. 63
2.6.2 PhotoacousticDopplerMeasurementof
BloodFlowVelocity........................................ 64
2.7 LaserSafety .......................................................... 66
2.7.1 LaserSafetyforOphthalmicImaging[11,25]............ 66
2.7.2 LaserSafetyforSkinImaging[25] ....................... 68
2.8 RecentTechnicalAdvances.......................................... 69
2.8.1 NewScanningMechanism................................. 69
2.8.2 IntegrationwithOpticalCoherenceTomography......... 71
2.9 AnExampleApplication:WoundHealingMonitoring ............ 72
2.10 Perspectives........................................................... 74
References.................................................................... 75
3 FluorescenceMicroscopyImaginginBiomedicalSciences............ 79
YuanshengSunandAmmasiPeriasamy
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 79
3.2 BasicsofFluorescenceandFluorescentProbes .................... 80
3.3 FluorescenceMicroscopyTechniques............................... 82
3.3.1 WidefieldEpifluorescenceMicroscopy.................... 82
3.3.2 Single-PhotonExcitation(SPE)ConfocalMicroscopy... 83
3.3.3 Two-PhotonExcitation(TPE)Microscopy................ 84
3.3.4 FRETMicroscopy.......................................... 86
3.3.5 OtherAdvancedMicroscopyTechniques ................. 89
3.4 FLIMandImplementationofaTPE-TCSPCFLIMSystem....... 91
3.4.1 OverviewofFLIMTechniquesandApplications......... 91
3.4.2 DesignoftheTPE-TCSPCFLIMSystem................. 94
3.4.3 MeasuringtheInstrumentResponseFunction
(IRF)oftheTPE-TCSPCFLIMSystem .................. 96
3.4.4 CalibrationoftheTPE-TCSPCFLIMSystem
UsingFluorescenceLifetimeStandards................... 97
3.4.5 VerifyingtheTPE-TCSPCFLIMSystemfor
FRETStudiesUsingFRETStandards..................... 98
3.4.6 DetectingProtein-ProteinInteractionsin
LivingCellswithTPE-TCSPCFLIM-FRET ............. 99
3.5 ConclusionandOutlook ............................................. 101
References.................................................................... 102
Contents ix
4 SpectralImaging:Methods,Design,andApplications................. 111
YuvalGariniandEladTauber
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 111
4.2 ImagingandSpectroscopy........................................... 112
4.2.1 ImagingFundamentals..................................... 112
4.2.2 Spectroscopy................................................ 115
4.3 SpectralImagingSystemConfiguration ............................ 119
4.3.1 ThePrinciplesofSpectralImagingSystems.............. 119
4.3.2 SpectralImagingChallenge:Information
VersusTime................................................. 121
4.4 OpticalConfigurationsandSystemDesign......................... 122
4.4.1 MethodsthatCompromiseSpectralPerformance......... 122
4.4.2 Wavelength-ScanMethods................................. 125
4.4.3 Spatial-ScanMethods ...................................... 131
4.4.4 Fourier-BasedSpectralImaging ........................... 137
4.4.5 FullSpectralImagesinaSingleShot ..................... 142
4.4.6 Illumination-ScanSpectralImaging....................... 145
4.5 SystemRequirements................................................ 146
4.5.1 SystemConfiguration ...................................... 147
4.5.2 AcquisitionSoftwareRequirements....................... 147
4.5.3 SpectralImageAnalysis.................................... 149
4.6 Applications.......................................................... 153
4.6.1 ObservationofCombinatorial-LabeledEntities .......... 153
4.6.2 ObservationofMixedStainedEntitieswith
KnownStains............................................... 154
4.6.3 ObservationofSpectrafromUnknownSource........... 156
4.7 DiscussionandConclusions......................................... 158
References.................................................................... 158
5 OpticalCoherenceTomography:TechnicalAspects ................... 163
HrebeshM.SubhashandRuikangK.Wang
5.1 Introduction........................................................... 163
5.1.1 AdvantagesofOCToverOtherImagingTechnologies... 164
5.2 Low-CoherenceInterferometry...................................... 165
5.3 OCTPrincipleofOperation ......................................... 170
5.4 PracticalAspectsofOCTSystem................................... 172
5.4.1 AxialResolution............................................ 172
5.4.2 LateralResolution.......................................... 173
5.4.3 Sensitivity................................................... 174
5.4.4 SelectionofOCTWavelength ............................. 176
5.4.5 OpticalSourcesforOCT................................... 177
5.4.6 ScanningModalitiesinOCT............................... 183
5.5 DifferentOCTSchemes ............................................. 183
5.5.1 Time-DomainOCTSystems............................... 184
5.5.2 Frequency-DomainOCT................................... 189
x Contents
5.6 FunctionalOCT ...................................................... 195
5.6.1 Polarization-SensitiveOCT................................ 196
5.6.2 DopplerOCT ............................................... 197
5.6.3 OpticalMicroangiography................................. 199
5.6.4 SpectroscopicOCT......................................... 200
5.6.5 SecondHarmonicOCT..................................... 201
5.7 ApplicationandNewTrendsinOCT ............................... 201
5.7.1 MedicalApplications....................................... 201
5.7.2 NonmedicalApplications .................................. 202
5.7.3 NewTrendsinOCT........................................ 202
5.8 Conclusion............................................................ 203
References.................................................................... 204
6 ConfocalMicroscopy....................................................... 213
ColinJ.R.SheppardandShakilRehman
6.1 BasicPrincipleofConfocalMicroscopy............................ 213
6.2 HistoryofConfocalMicroscopy .................................... 220
6.3 DesignofConfocalMicroscopes.................................... 221
6.3.1 OverallLayout.............................................. 221
6.3.2 Scanning .................................................... 221
6.4 ConfocalTechniques................................................. 226
6.4.1 BasicModes ................................................ 226
6.4.2 SpectroscopicandNonlinearMethods .................... 226
6.4.3 DifferentialPhaseContrast................................. 227
6.4.4 OpticalBeam-InducedCurrent(OBIC) ................... 227
6.5 ImagingPerformanceoftheConfocalMicroscope................. 227
6.5.1 Resolution................................................... 227
6.5.2 OilandWaterImmersion .................................. 229
6.6 Conclusions........................................................... 230
References.................................................................... 230
7 MultiphotonImaging ...................................................... 233
ShakilRehmanandColinJ.R.Sheppard
7.1 Introduction........................................................... 233
7.2 PrincipleofMultiphotonProcess.................................... 235
7.3 MultiphotonImagingModes ........................................ 237
7.3.1 Two-PhotonExcitedFluorescence(TPEF)................ 238
7.3.2 SecondHarmonicGeneration(SHG)...................... 239
7.3.3 ThirdHarmonicGeneration(THG)........................ 241
7.3.4 CoherentAnti-StokesRamanScattering(CARS) ........ 243
7.3.5 LaserSourcesinNonlinearMicroscopy................... 244
7.4 AMultiphotonImagingSystemDesign ............................ 246
7.4.1 SystemDesign.............................................. 246
7.4.2 OpticalParts ................................................ 248
7.4.3 Application.................................................. 249
7.5 Conclusion............................................................ 251
References.................................................................... 252