Biomedical Materials and Diagnostic Devices

625 Pages·2012·11.967 MB·English

Biomedical Materials
and Diagnostic Devices
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Biomedical Materials and
Diagnostic Devices
Edited by
Ashutosh Tiwari
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Center,
Linköping University, Sweden
Murugan Ramalingam
University of Strasbourg, France
Hisatoshi Kobayashi
National Institute for Materials Science, Japan
and
Anthony P.F. Turner
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Center,
Linköping University, Sweden
&
Scrivener
©WILEY
Copyright © 2012 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Illustration on front cover depicts interaction of stem cells into the nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering.
Cover design by Russell Richardson with illustration by Murugan Ramalingam and used with his permission
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Tiwari, Ashutosh, 1945-
Biomedical materials and diagnostic devices / edited by Ashutosh Tiwari... [et al.]
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-03014-1 (hardback)
[DNLM: 1. Biocompatible Materials. 2. Drug Delivery Systems. 3. Nanotechnology. 4. Tissue Engineering.
QT37]
610.28'4-dc23
2012025753
ISBN 978-1-118-03014-1
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
Part I: Biomedical Materials
1. Application of the Collagen as Biomaterials 3
Kwangwoo Nam and Akio Kishida
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Structural Aspect of Native Tissue 5
1.2.1 Microenvironment 5
1.2.2 Decellularization 6
1.2.3 Strategy for Designing Collagen-based Biomaterials 7
1.3 Processing of Collagen Matrix 8
1.3.1 Fibrillogenesis 8
1.3.2 Orientation 10
1.3.3 Complex Formation and Blending 11
1.3.4 Layered Structure 13
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 14
References 15
2. Biological and Medical Significance of Nanodimensional and
Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 19
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 General Information on "Nano" 21
2.3 Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates
versus the Nanodimensional Ones 23
2.4 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium
Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals 26
2.4.1 Bones 26
2.4.2 Teeth 27
2.5 The Structure of the Nanodimensional and
Nanocrystalline Apatites 28
2.6 Synthesis of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline
Calcium Orthophosphates 34
2.6.1 General Nanotechnological Approaches 34
2.6.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 34
v
CONTENTS
2.6.3 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline TCP 43
2.6.4 Other Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium
Orthophosphates 44
2.6.5 Biomimetic Construction Using
Nanodimensional Particles 46
2.7 Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and
Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 47
2.7.1 Bone Repair 47
2.7.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium
Orthophosphates and Bone-related Cells 51
2.7.3 Dental Applications 53
2.7.4 Other Applications 54
2.8 Other Applications of the Nanodimensional and
Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 58
2.9 Summary and Perspectives 58
2.10 Conclusions 61
Closing Remarks 62
References and Notes 62
Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Thin Film: From Conventional
To Advanced Biomedical and Bioanalytical Applications 101
Wing Cheung Mak
3.1 State-of-the-art LbL Technology 101
3.2 Principle of Biomaterials Based Lbl Architecture 102
3.3 LbL Thin Film for Biomaterials and
Biomedical Implantations 103
3.4 LbL Thin Film for Biosensors and Bioassays 105
3.5 LbL Thin Film Architecture on Colloidal Materials 107
3.6 LbL Thin Film for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery 108
3.7 LbL Thin Film Based Micro/Nanoreactor 110
References 111
Polycaprolactone based Nanobiomaterials 115
Narendra K. Singh and Pralay Maiti
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Preparation of Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites 118
4.2.1 Solution Casting Method 118
4.2.2 Melt Extrusion Technique 118
4.2.3 In Situ Polymerization 119
4.3 Characterization of Poly(caprolactone) Nanocomposites 119
4.3.1 Nanostructure 120
4.3.2 Microstructure 121
4.4 Properties 123
4.4.1 Mechanical Properties 123
CONTENTS vii
4.4.2 Thermal Properties 126
4.4.3 Biodegradation 130
4.5 Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Application 141
4.6 Conclusion 150
Acknowledgement 150
References 150
Bone Substitute Materials in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery -
Properties and Use in Clinic 157
Esther M.M. Van Lieshout
5.1 Introduction 158
5.2 Types of Bone Grafts 159
5.2.1 Autologous Transplantation 159
5.2.2 Allotransplantation and Xenotransplantation 159
5.2.3 Alternative Bone Substitute Materials for Grafting 160
5.3 Bone Substitute Materials 161
5.3.1 General Considerations 161
5.3.2 Calcium Phosphates 161
5.3.3 Calcium Sulphates 166
5.3.4 Bioactive Glass 168
5.3.5 Miscellaneous Products 169
5.3.6 Future Directions 170
5.4 Combinations with Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Materials 171
5.4.1 Osteogenic Substances 172
5.4.2 Osteoinductive Substances 173
5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 173
References 174
Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191
Mehrdad Hamidi, Hajar Ashrafi and Amir Azadi
6.1 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 192
6.2 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan 193
6.3 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Alginate 194
6.4 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol) 195
6.5 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on PolyCethylene Oxide) and
Poly(ethyleneimine) 197
6.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly (vinyl Pyrrolidone) 198
6.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on
Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide 198
6.8 Smart Hydrogel Nanoparticles 199
6.9 Self-assembled Hydrogel Nanoparticles 200
6.10 Surface Functionalization 201
6.11 Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 205
References 209
viii CONTENTS
Part II: Diagnostic Devices
7. Utility and Potential Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine 217
Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong -Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari
and Avinash Chand Pandey
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Nanoparticle Coatings 220
7.3 Cyclic Peptides 222
7.4 Dendrimers 223
7.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene 229
7.6 Functional Drug Carriers 231
7.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles 235
7.8 Nanoemulsions 237
7.9 Nanofibers 238
7.10 Nanoshells 241
7.11 Quantum Dots 242
7.12 Nanoimaging 250
7.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles 250
7.14 Conclusion 252
Acknowledgement 253
References 253
8. Gold Nanoparticle-based Electrochemical Biosensors
for Medical Applications 263
Ülkü Anik
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 264
8.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 264
8.3 Conclusion 274
References 275
9. Impedimetric DNA Sensing Employing Nanomaterials 279
Manel del Valle and Alessandra Bonanni
9.1 Introduction 279
9.1.1 DNA Biosensors (Genosensors) 280
9.1.2 Electrochemical Genosensors 282
9.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
for Genosensing 282
9.2.1 Theoretical Background 283
9.2.2 Impedimetric Genosensors 286
9.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in
Impedimetric Genosensors 288
9.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructured Diamond 288
9.3.2 Graphene-based Platforms 290
CONTENTS ix
9.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in
Impedimetric Genosensors 292
9.4.1 Gold Nanoelectrodes 293
9.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles Used as Labels 294
9.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing 295
9.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis 295
9.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives) 296
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
Bionanocomposite Matrices in Electrochemical Biosensors 303
Ashutosh Tiwari, Atul Tiwari and Ravindra P. Singh
10.1 Introduction 303
10.2 Fabrication of Si0 -CHIT/CNTs Bionanocomposites 305
2
10.3 Preparation of Bioelectrodes 306
10.4 Characterizations 307
10.5 Electrocatalytic Properties 309
10.6 Photometric Response 317
10.7 Conclusions 318
Acknowledgements 318
References 319
Biosilica - Nanocomposites - Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical
Engineering and Sensing Applications 323
Nikos Chaniotakis and Raluca Buiculescu
11.1 Introduction 323
11.2 Silica Polymerization Process 325
11.3 Biocatalytic Formation of Silica 327
11.4 Biosilica Nanotechnology 329
11.5 Applications 330
11.5.1 Photonic Materials 330
11.5.2 Enzyme Stabilization 330
11.5.3 Biosensor Development 332
11.5.4 Surface Modification for Medical Applications 334
11.6 Conclusions 336
References 336
Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Highly Sensitive
and Selective Medical Devices 339
Bhim Bali Prasad and Mahavir Prasad Tiwari
12.1 Introduction 339
12.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Technology 342
12.2.1 Introduction of Molecular Recognition 342
12.2.2 Molecular Imprinting Polymerization: Background 342
12.2.3 Contributions of Polyakov, Pauling and Dickey 343
x CONTENTS
12.2.4 Approaches Toward Synthesis of MIPs 344
12.2.5 Optimization of the Polymer Structure 347
12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 362
12.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based
Sensing Devices 364
12.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors 365
12.4.2 Optical Sensors 373
12.4.3 Mass Sensitive Devices 376
12.5 Conclusion 381
References 381
Part III: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
13. Ground-Breaking Changes in Mimetic and Novel Nanostructured
Composites for Intelligent-, Adaptive- and In iwo-responsive
Drug Delivery Therapies 395
Dipak K. Sarker
13.1 Introduction 395
13.1.1 Diseases of Major Importance in Society 400
13.1.2 Types of Cancers and Diseases Requiring Specific
Dosage Delivery 403
13.2 Obstacles to the Clinician 404
13.3 Hurdles for the Pharmaceuticist 412
13.4 Nanostructures 415
13.4.1 Key Current Know-how 418
13.5 Surface Coating 419
13.6 Cell Promoting, Toxicity and Clearance 420
13.7 Formulation Conditions and Parameters 423
13.8 Delivery Systems 424
13.8.1 State-of-the-Art Technological Innovation 426
13.9 Evaluation 427
13.9.1 Future Scientific Direction 429
13.10 Conclusions 431
References 432
14. Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems 435
Dipendra Gyawali, Michael Palmer, Richard T. Tran
and Jian Yang
14.1 Introduction 435
14.1.1 Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine 435
14.1.2 Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Targeting 437
14.1.3 Theranostic Nanomedicine 438
14.2 Design Concerns for Theranostic Nanosystems 440
14.2.1 Size and Stability 440
14.2.2 Surface Area and Chemistry 441