Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators

485 Pages·2009·26.25 MB·English

by  Federico Carpi

Biomedical Applications of Electroactive
Polymer Actuators
Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators Edited by Federico Carpi and Elisabeth Smela
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-77305-5
Biomedical
Applications of
Electroactive Polymer
Actuators
FEDERICO CARPI
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
ELISABETH SMELA
University of Maryland, College Park, USA
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2009
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Biomedicalapplicationsofelectroactivepolymeractuators/[editedby]FedericoCarpi,ElisabethSmela.
p. ; cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-77305-5(H/B)
1. Polymersinmedicine. 2. Conductingpolymers 3. Actuators.
I. Carpi,Federico,1975– II. Smela,Elisabeth.
[DNLM:1. Polymers—diagnosticuse. 2. Polymers—therapeuticuse.
3. BiomedicalTechnology. 4. EquipmentandSupplies. QT37.5.P7B61472009]
R857.P6B54852009
610.2804—dc22
2008056029
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-77305-5(H/B)
Setin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India.
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire.
Contents
Preface pagexv
ListofContributors xvii
Introduction 1
SECTIONI POLYMERGELS 5
1 PolymerGelActuators:Fundamentals 7
PaulCalvert
1.1 IntroductionandHistoricalOverview 7
1.2 PropertiesofGels 8
1.2.1 BiologicalGels 8
1.2.2 MechanicalPropertiesofSimple,Single-PhaseGels 9
1.2.3 ElasticModuli 10
1.2.4 Strength 10
1.2.5 Multi-PhaseGels 12
1.2.6 DoubleNetworkGels 13
1.2.7 TransportProperties 14
1.2.8 Drying 15
1.3 ChemicalandPhysicalFormationofGels 16
1.4 ActuationMethods 19
1.4.1 ThermallyDrivenGelActuators 19
1.4.2 ChemicallyDrivenGelActuators 20
1.4.3 GelsDrivenbyOscillatingReactions 22
1.4.4 LightActuatedGels 23
1.4.5 ElectricallyDrivenGelActuators 23
1.4.6 Electro-andMagneto-RheologicalComposites 25
1.4.7 LCElastomers 26
1.5 PerformanceofGelsasActuators 26
1.6 ApplicationsofElectroactiveGels 30
1.6.1 GelValvesandPumps 30
1.6.2 LightModulators 30
1.6.3 GelDrugDelivery 31
1.6.4 GelSensors 32
1.7 Conclusions 32
References 33
vi Contents
2 Bio-ResponsiveHydrogelsforBiomedicalApplications 43
TomMcDonald,AlisonPatrick,RichardWilliams,BrianG.Cousinsand
ReinV.Ulijn
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 ChemicalHydrogels 44
2.3 PhysicalHydrogels 44
2.4 DefiningBio-ResponsiveHydrogels 44
2.5 Bio-ResponsiveChemicalHydrogels 46
2.5.1 ActuationBasedonChangingtheCross-Linking
Density 46
2.5.2 ActuationBasedonChangesinElectrostatic
Interactions 49
2.5.3 ActuationBasedonConformationalChanges 51
2.6 Bio-ResponsivePhysicalHydrogels 53
2.6.1 Enzyme-ResponsivePhysicalHydrogels 53
2.7 ElectroactiveChemicalHydrogels 56
2.8 Conclusion 57
References 57
3 Stimuli-Responsiveand‘Active’PolymersinDrugDelivery 61
AramOmerSaeed,Jo´hannesPa´llMagnu´sson,
BeverleyTwaitesandCameronAlexander
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 DrugDelivery:Examples,ChallengesandOpportunitiesforPolymers 62
3.2.1 OralDrugDeliverySystems 62
3.2.2 ParenteralDrugDelivery 63
3.2.3 TopicalandTransdermalDrugDelivery 63
3.2.4 DeliveryChallengesforBiomolecularDrugsand
CellTherapeutics 64
3.2.5 PeptidesandProteins 64
3.2.6 NucleicAcids 65
3.2.7 CellDelivery 65
3.3 EmergingState-of-the-ArtMechanismsinPolymerControlled
ReleaseSystems 67
3.3.1 TechnologiesforControlledDrugRelease 67
3.3.2 Polymer–DrugConjugates 67
3.3.3 Polymer–ProteinConjugates 67
3.3.4 Polymer–NucleicAcidConjugates 68
3.3.5 Polymer–NucleicAcidComplexes 68
3.4 Responsiveor‘Smart’PolymersinDrugDelivery 73
3.4.1 SolubleSmartPolymers 73
3.4.2 ResponsivePolymer–DrugConjugates 76
3.4.3 ResponsivePolymer–ProteinConjugates 76
3.4.4 ResponsivePolymersforDNADelivery 77
Contents vii
3.5 RecentHighlightsofActuatedPolymersforDrug
DeliveryApplications 78
3.6 ConclusionsandFutureOutlook 80
References 81
4 ThermallyDrivenHydrogelActuatorforControllableFlowRate
PumpinLong-TermDrugDelivery 89
PieroChiarelliandPietroRagni
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 MaterialsandMethods 90
4.3 HydrogelActuator 90
4.3.1 Thermo-MechanicalGelDynamics 91
4.3.2 ExperimentalResults 93
4.4 PumpFunctioning 97
4.5 Conclusion 98
References 98
SECTIONII IONICPOLYMER–METALCOMPOSITES(IPMC) 101
5 IPMCActuators:Fundamentals 103
KinjiAsakaandKeisukeOguro
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Fabrication 104
5.2.1 IonicPolymer 104
5.2.2 PlatingMethods 105
5.3 Measurement 108
5.4 PerformanceoftheIPMCActuator 110
5.5 Model 113
5.6 RecentDevelopments 116
5.7 Conclusion 117
References 118
6 ActiveMicrocatheterandBiomedicalSoftDevicesBasedon
IPMCActuators 121
KinjiAsakaandKeisukeOguro
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 FabricationoftheIPMCDevice 122
6.3 ApplicationstotheMicrocatheter 124
6.4 OtherApplications 127
6.4.1 Sheet-TypeBrailleDisplay 127
6.4.2 UnderwaterMicrorobot 130
6.4.3 LinearActuatorsforaBipedWalkingRobot 134
6.5 Conclusions 135
References 135
viii Contents
7 ImplantableHeart-AssistandCompressionDevicesEmployingan
ActiveNetworkofElectrically-ControllableIonicPolymer–Metal
Nanocomposites 137
MohsenShahinpoor
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 HeartFailure 139
7.3 BackgroundofIPMNCs 140
7.4 Three-DimensionalFabricationofIPMNCs 141
7.5 Electrically-InducedRoboticActuation 142
7.6 DistributedNanosensingandTransduction 144
7.7 ModelingandSimulation 146
7.8 ApplicationofIPMNCstoHeartCompressionandAssistinGeneral 149
7.9 ManufacturingThickIPMNCFingers 155
7.10 Conclusions 157
References 157
8 IPMCBasedTactileDisplaysforPressureandTexturePresentation
onaHumanFinger 161
MasashiKonyoandSatoshiTadokoro
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 IPMCActuatorsasaTactileStimulator 162
8.3 WearableTactileDisplay 164
8.4 SelectiveStimulationMethodforTactileSynthesis 165
8.5 TextureSynthesisMethod 167
8.6 DisplayMethodforPressureSensation 168
8.6.1 Method 168
8.6.2 Evaluation 168
8.7 DisplayMethodforRoughnessSensation 169
8.7.1 Method 169
8.7.2 Evaluation 170
8.8 DisplayMethodforFrictionSensation 171
8.9 SynthesisofTotalTexturalFeeling 172
8.9.1 Method 172
8.9.2 Experiments 172
8.10 Conclusions 173
References 173
9 IPMCAssistedInfusionMicropumps 175
Il-SeokPark,SoniaVohnout,MarkBanister,SangkiLee,
Sang-MunKimandKwangJ.Kim
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 BackgroundofIPMCs 176
9.3 MiniatureDisposableInfusionIPMCMicropumps 177
9.3.1 ConfigurationoftheIPMCInfusionPump 178
Contents ix
9.3.2 TheControlSystem 180
9.3.3 PerformanceTesting 181
9.4 ModellingforIPMCMicropumps 181
9.4.1 EquivalentBimorphBeamModelforIPMCActuators 181
9.4.2 IPMCDiaphragm 182
9.5 Conclusions 189
References 189
SECTIONIII CONJUGATEDPOLYMERS 193
10 ConjugatedPolymerActuators:Fundamentals 195
GeoffreyM.Spinks,GurselAlici,ScottMcGovern,BinbinXi
andGordonG.Wallace
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 MolecularMechanismsofActuationinICPs 197
10.3 ComparisonofActuationPerformanceinVariousICPs 200
10.4 ElectrochemistryofICPs 201
10.5 EffectofComposition,GeometryandElectrolyteon
ActuationofPPy 204
10.5.1 EffectoftheDopantIon 204
10.5.2 EffectofSolvent 206
10.5.3 ChargeTransferProcesses 208
10.5.4 EffectofPorosity/Morphology 212
10.6 MechanicalSystemResponse 212
10.7 DeviceDesignandOptimization 217
10.7.1 HowtoTailorActuatorPerformancetoMeet
DesignRequirements 217
10.7.2 DesignofaSwimmingDevice 219
10.7.3 DeviceTesting 221
10.8 FutureProspects 222
References 223
11 SteerableCatheters 229
TinaShoa,JohnD.Madden,NigelR.MunceandVictorX.D.Yang
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Catheters:HistoryandCurrentApplications 229
11.3 CatheterDesignChallenges 231
11.3.1 Biocompatibility 231
11.3.2 SmallSize 232
11.3.3 LowCost 232
11.3.4 StructuralRigidity 232
11.4 ActiveSteerableCatheters 234
11.4.1 Non-EAPBasedSteerableCatheters 234
11.4.2 EAPBasedSteerableCatheters 235
x Contents
11.4.3 ConjugatedPolymerBasedSteerableCatheters 237
11.5 DiscussionandConclusion 246
References 246
12 MicrofabricatedConjugatedPolymerActuatorsforMicrovalves,
CellBiology,andMicrorobotics 249
ElisabethSmela
12.1 Introduction 249
12.2 ActuatorBackground 250
12.3 Microfabrication 251
12.4 SingleHingeBilayerDevices:FlapsandLids 253
12.4.1 BilayerActuators 254
12.4.2 DrugDelivery 254
12.4.3 CellManipulation 255
12.4.4 Cell-BasedSensors 256
12.5 Multi-BilayerDevices:PositioningTools 257
12.5.1 Microtools 257
12.5.2 Microrobot 257
12.6 SwellingFilmDevices:Valves 258
12.6.1 Out-of-PlaneActuationStrain 259
12.6.2 Microvalve 259
12.7 Lifetime 260
12.8 IntegratedSystems 260
12.9 Conclusions 261
References 261
13 ActuatedPinsforBrailleDisplays 265
GeoffreyM.SpinksandGordonG.Wallace
13.1 Introduction 265
13.2 RequirementsfortheElectronicBrailleScreen 266
13.3 MechanicalAnalysisofActuatorsOperatingAgainstSprings 268
13.4 PolypyrroleActuatorsforElectronicBraillePins 271
13.5 OtherPolymerActuationSystemsforElectronicBraillePins 274
13.6 Summary 275
Acknowledgements 276
References 276
14 NanostructuredConductingPolymerBiomaterialsandTheir
ApplicationsinControlledDrugDelivery 279
MohammadRezaAbidianandDavidC.Martin
14.1 Introduction 279
14.2 NanostructuredConductingPolymers 280
14.2.1 Fabrication 280
14.2.2 BiomedicalApplication 282
Contents xi
14.3 ConductingPolymerNanotubesforControlledDrug
Delivery 285
14.3.1 Electrospinning 286
14.3.2 ElectrospinningofDexamethasone-LoadedTemplate
PLGANanofibers 287
14.3.3 ElectrochemicalDepositionofPEDOTNanotubes 288
14.3.4 ControlledDrugDeliveryfromPEDOTNanotubes 289
14.4 Conclusions 293
Acknowledgements 293
References 293
15 IntegratedOralDrugDeliverySystemwithValveBasedonPolypyrrole 301
ThorstenGo¨ttscheandStefanHaeberle
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 SystemConcept 303
15.3 OsmoticPressurePump 305
15.3.1 ValveClosed 305
15.3.2 ValveOpen 306
15.4 PolypyrroleinActuatorApplications 307
15.4.1 WhyPPyintheIntelliDrugSystem 307
15.4.2 ActuationofPPy 308
15.5 ValveConceptsEvaluatedintheCourseoftheIntelliDrugProject 310
15.5.1 Wafer-LevelFabricatedMembraneValve 310
15.5.2 Micro-AssembledMembraneValve 311
15.6 TotalAssemblyandClinicalTestingoftheIntelliDrugSystem 314
Acknowledgement 315
References 316
SECTIONIV PIEZOELECTRICANDELECTROSTRICTIVEPOLYMERS317
16 PiezoelectricandElectrostrictivePolymerActuators:Fundamentals 319
ZhiminLiandZhongyangCheng
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 FundamentalsofElectromechanicalMaterials 320
16.2.1 PiezoelectricEffect 320
16.2.2 ElectrostrictiveEffect 321
16.2.3 OtherEffects 323
16.3 MaterialPropertiesRelatedtoElectromechanicalApplications 324
16.3.1 ElectromechanicalCouplingFactor(k) 325
16.3.2 ElasticResponse 326
16.3.3 FrequencyandTemperatureResponses 326
16.4 TypicalElectromechanicalPolymersandTheirProperties 328
16.4.1 PiezoelectricPolymers 328
16.4.2 ElectrostrictivePolymers 330