BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EDIBLE MARINE BIVALVE MOLLUSCS Biology and Ecology of Marine Life BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EDIBLE MARINE BIVALVE MOLLUSCS Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-626-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-11153-7 (eBook) All rights reserved. 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Title: Biology and ecology of edible marine bivalve molluscs / Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD. Description: Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2018. | Series: Biology and ecol- ogy of marine life | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018002159 (print) | LCCN 2018003541 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315111537 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771886260 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Bivalves. Classifi- cation: LCC QL430.6 (ebook) | LCC QL430.6 .S27 2018 (print) | DDC 594/.4--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002159 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that ap- pears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crc- press.com ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Dr. Ramasamy Santhanam is the former Dean of Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India. His fields of specialization are marine biology and fisheries environment. Presently, he is serving as a resource person for various universities of India. He has also served as an expert for the “Environment Management Capacity Building,” a World Bank-aided project of the Department of Ocean Development, India. He has been a member of the American Fish- eries Society, United States; World Aquaculture Society, United States; Global Fisheries Ecosystem Management Network (GFEMN), United States; and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Commission on Ecosystem Management, Switzerland. To his credit, Dr. Santhanam has 22 books on Marine Biology/Fisheries Science and 70 research papers. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF MARINE LIFE BOOK SERIES Series Author: Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Former Dean, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thoothukudi 628008, India E-mail: [email protected] Books in the Series: • Biology and Culture of Portunid Crabs of the World Seas • Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs • Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs • Biology and Ecology of Venomous Marine Snails • Biology and Ecology of Venomous Stingrays • Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................ix Preface .........................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction .................................................................................................1 2. Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs ......................11 3. Profile of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs .............................................19 4. Aquaculture Values of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs .....................347 5. Nutritional Values of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs .......................363 6. Pharmaceutical Values of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs ................403 7. Potential Diseases and Parasites in Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs ......................................................................................421 References ........................................................................................................447 Index .................................................................................................................461