Biological Science And Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases And Enchancing Security

156 Pages·2006·2.76 MB·English

by  Talk to me in Korean, Committee on Future Contributions of the Biosciences to Public Health, Agriculture, Basic Research

Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
Biological Science and
Biotechnology in Russia
CONTROLLING DISEASES AND ENHANCING SECURITY
Committee on Future Contributions of the Biosciences to Public Health,
Agriculture, Basic Research, Counterterrorism, and
Nonproliferation Activities in Russia
Office for Central Europe and Eurasia
Development, Security, and Cooperation
Policy and Global Affairs
In cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
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of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 6035 between the National Academy of
Sciences and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recom-
mendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
Dedicated to Dr. Maurice Hilleman
Humanitarian, Colleague, Mentor, and Friend
1920-2005
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
COMMITTEE ON FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
BIOSCIENCES TO PUBLIC HEALTH, AGRICULTURE,
BASIC RESEARCH, COUNTERTERRORISM, AND
NONPROLIFERATION ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIA
DAVID FRANZ, Midwest Research Institute, Chair
DAVID ASHFORD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CAROL BLAIR, Colorado State University
GAIL H. CASSELL, Eli Lilly and Company
1
MAURICE HILLEMAN, Merck Institute for Vaccinology
CHRISTOPHER P. HOWSON, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
PETER B. JAHRLING, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases
PAUL KEIM, Northern Arizona University
JAMES LEDUC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
MATTHEW MESELSON, Harvard University
REBECCA MORTON, Oklahoma State University
FREDERICK MURPHY, University of California at Davis
JOSEPH SILVA, University of California at Davis
RICHARD WITTER, USDA-ARS Avian Disease & Oncology Laboratory,
Michigan
RUSS ZAJTCHUK, Chicago Hospitals International, LLC
Staff
GLENN E. SCHWEITZER, Program Director
RITA S. GUENTHER, Senior Program Associate
AMY E. MOORE, Program Assistant
KELLY ROBBINS, Senior Program Officer
SARA GRAY, Senior Program Associate
1
Deceased April 11, 2005.
v
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
Acknowledgments
The committee expresses its appreciation to the many Russian and U.S.
officials and specialists who contributed their ideas during the preparation of this
report. The Nuclear Threat Initiative, a private foundation, and the National
Research Council (NRC) provided the financial support for this study.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent
review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in
making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report
meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the
study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to
protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Donald Burke, Johns Hopkins University; Douglas Causey, Harvard University;
Charles Fogelgren, Southern Research Institute; Tatiana Gremyakova, Inter-
national Science and Technology Center; Alexander Klibanov, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology; Victor Maleyev, Central Research Institute of Epidemi-
ology; Michael Moodie, Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute; Harley
Moon, Iowa State University; Dmitry Morozov, Biokad, Inc.; Sergey Netesov,
VECTOR; Melanie Peterson, United States Department of Agriculture; Evgenii
Sventitsky, Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations; Nikolai Vlasov, Ministry of
Agriculture; Mary Wilson, Harvard University; and Vitaly Zverev, Institute of
Viral Preparations.
vii
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive
comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or
recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release.
The review of this report was overseen by Mary Jane Osborne, University of
Connecticut, and Patricia Danzon, University of Pennsylvania. Appointed by the
NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination
of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that
all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final con-
tent of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
In addition to the formal reviewers of the report, there were many who
offered their time and expertise over the course of the study’s development. The
committee wishes to express its appreciation to all those who contributed. In
particular, Michael Balady, James Bartholomew, Randy Beatty, Anne Harrington,
Lev Sandakhchiev, Vladimir Skulachev, Mark Smolinski, Rob Tosatto, and Vitaly
Zverev participated in a series of meetings and discussions which transformed
initial thoughts into the first draft of this manuscript during a productive July
2003 week in Woods Hole, MA. Sergey Furgal, Yevgeny Grishin, Ramil
Khabriev, Sergey Netesov, Mikhail Paltsev, Evgenii Severin, and Nikolai Vlasov,
along with their colleagues, shared many valuable insights with members of the
committee during their several research trips to Russia undertaken as part of this
study. They frequently provided hard-to-find data, regulations, and information
upon which the committee’s analysis was based; their openness and frankness
were offered in the best spirit of international science. The final trip was to St.
Petersburg in July 2004, when the committee had the opportunity to meet again
with many of these Russian colleagues. Undoubtedly there are those who
are inadvertently absent from these acknowledgements. The committee recog-
nizes that without the efforts and professionalism of those named and unnamed,
this and other cooperative work between Russia and America could not be
accomplished.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
Contents
Summary 1
Introduction 10
1 A Vision for Russia’s Future 21
2 Pillar One: Improving Surveillance and Response 27
3 Pillar Two: Meeting Pathogen Research Challenges 36
4 Pillar Three: The Promise of Biotechnology 47
5 Pillar Four: The Human Resource Base 59
6 Reshaping U.S.-Russian Cooperation in the Biological Sciences 65
and Biotechnology
Epilogue 76
Appendixes
A Committee Biographies 81
B Organizations Consulted During the Study 86
C Decision of the Board of the Ministry of Health of the
Russian Federation: Tasks for the Periods 2001–2005 and 2006–2010
(Excerpt from Protocol No. 6) 89
ix
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11382.html
x CONTENTS
D Main Goals and Objectives in Combating Infectious Diseases in the
Russian Federation 93
E Regulations Regarding the Federal Service for Supervision in the
Sphere of Health and Social Development 96
F Recent Reports by the National Academies on Global Health
Concerns 104
G Bioterrorism: A National and Global Threat
Gennady G. Onishchenko 106
H Highest Priority Measures for Creating a System to Counter
Biological Terrorism
K. K. Raevsky 108
I National Immunization Calendar of the Russian Federation 113
J Selected Russian Research and Related Institutions with Activities
Relevant to Infectious Diseases, Diagnostics, Treatment, Prevention,
and Control 115
K Scientific and Methodological Research Results Highlighted by the
Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development
Gennady G. Onishchenko 120
L List of Research Projects Proposed in Open Competitions Organized
in 2003 125
M Test Systems and Other Products Being Developed in Russian
Laboratories 127
N RosAgroBioProm Organizational Structure 131
O Activities of Russian Research Institutes in Developing Vaccines
for Human Use 132
P Regulation of the Russian Government on Licensing Activities
Connected with the Use of Infectious Disease Antidotes, No. 731 133
Q Bioengagement Programs Financed by the United States Government 137
R International Programs and Projects of Special Significance to the
Ministry of Health and Social Development 143
References 145
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