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Biological science: a molecular approach : Bscs Blue version. PDF

810 Pages·1980·88.564 MB·English
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Biological Science Molecular Approach THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF: STATE. BookNo.. PROVINCE. COUNTY- Enter information PARISH In spaces SCHOOL DISTRICT. to the left as OTHER instructed CONDITION Year ISSUEDTO Used ISSUED RETURNED .^a±±aau. j2kl 3^^L 7 U!2 # iNMMHHNnM«lt||4lkNMMNIIMMH iftiiii iij|||jT||^iifiiii>i^j»nn iMjri PUPILS to whom thistextbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part ofitInanyway, consumable textbooks excepted. 1. Teachersshouldseethai thopupil'snameisdearlywrittenIn Inkin the spaces above In everybookIssued. 2.ThefollowingtermsshouldbeusedInrecordingtheconditionofthebookiNew;GoodjFair; Poor;Bad. ocou i Digitized by the Internet Archive 2010 in http://www.archive.org/details/biologicalscienc04biol BSCSBlueVersion FOURTHEDITION Biological Science AMolecularApproach BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy P.O.Box930 Boulder,Colorado 80306 RevisionTeam BSCSStaff: DonE.Meyer,Supervisor NorrisM.Ross RichardR.Tolman WilliamV. Mayer JosephD. Mclnerney BettyD.Allamong,BiologyDepartment,BallStateUniversity,Muncie,Indiana WalterAuffenberg,DepartmentofNaturalSciences,FloridaStateMuseum, UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida H.BentleyGlass,DepartmentofBiology,StateUniversityofNewYork,Stony Brook,NewYork WernerG.Heim,DepartmentofBiology,TheColoradoCollege,ColoradoSprings, Colorado JohnA.Moore.DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside, California KeithMorrill,BiologyDepartment,SouthDakotaStateUniversity,Brookings, SouthDakota JerryWagner,BiologyDepartment,AnokaSeniorHighSchool,Anoka,Minnesota Editor HughR McCarthy,D.C. HeathandCompany,Lexington,Massachusetts Ulogical BiologicalSciencesCurriculum Study RO.Box930, Boulder,Colorado80306 BSCSBlueVersion FOURTHEDITION Science A Molecular Approach m D.C. HeathandCompany Lexington,Massachusetts Toronto , Coverphoto: Agreen algaofthegenusCosmarium. These algae inhabitsoil andfresh water. A mid-cell constrictiondividesthecell intotwosemicells. Each semicellinthephotographhastwogreenchloroplasts. Thisphotomicrograph,usinglightinterferencemicro- scopy,wastakenbyEricGrave. Writers associated with previous editions ofthe BSCS Blue Version, with theiraffiliations atthetimeoftheir participation: Daniel I. Amon, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. CharlesR. Botticelli, BostonUniversity, Boston, Mass.HaroldM.Cochran,NorthernHighSchool,Flint, Mich.FrankC.Erk,StateUniversityofNewYork,Stony Brook,N.Y.JackFishleder, WestPhoenixHighSchool, Phoenix,Ariz.SisterMarianCatherineMcGrann,Mary Starofthe SeaHigh School, San Pedro, Calif. Ingrith DeyrupOlsen, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. GordonE. Peterson, SanMarinoHigh School,SanMarino,Calif.SisterMaryPius,MariaHigh School, Chicago, 111. S. Arthur Reed, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Ha. John R. Shaver, Michigan State University,East-Lansing,Mich.FrankW.Smith,Jr.,Los AltosHighSchool, LosAltos,Calif. DennisW. Straw- bridge, Michigan StateUniversity,EastLansing, Mich. RichardW. VanNorman,UniversityofUtah, SaltLake City, Utah. Claude A. Welch, MacalesterCollege, St. Paul,Minn. Copyright©1980, 1973, 1968, 1963 by the Biological SciencesCurriculumStudy. All rightsreserved. Nopartofthispublication may be reproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording orany information storageorretrieval system, without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forpermissions andotherrightsunderthiscopyright,pleasecontactthe PermissionsDepartment,DC.HeathandCo.,125Spring St.,Lexington,Mass.02173.U.S.A. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. InternationalStandardBookNumber:0-699-02746-4 Foreword An understandingofscienceisessential ifcitizens otheraddedmembersofthewritingteam,through are to make inf—ormed decisions concerning their three successfulcommercialeditions. This Fourth current lifestyles much lesstheirfutureones. Of Edition continues the high standard of content all of the sciences, only biology touches on all excellenceandconceptdevelopmentinitiallyenvi- humanactivity,andisthemostrelevanttoourdaily sioned by Dr. Olsen and furtherdeveloped by Dr. lives. B—iology examines all aspects of human Welch and many others. The current volume is a activity ourevolutionary history, structure, func- product of a large number of individuals. Both tion,behavior,relationshiptotheenvironment,and teachers and students have responded to our ourcapabilities. Wecannot understand human life requestsforcommentandfeedback,andmanywill inoursocietybystudyingonlyonediscipline, and recognize their contributions herein. As is neces- sothe study ofbiology extends beyond biological sary,theinitiallylargegroupofparticipantshashad knowledgealone. Biology musttake itsplace ina their work examined and refined by successively socialcontextsothatitsgreatpotentialforbenefitis smallergroupsand ultimately bythe writingteam considered along with its necessary limitations. creditedonthetitlepage. Practicallyeverystatein The interdependence ofdisciplines must be com- the Union and members of every majority and prehended ifourknowledge isto be usedwell for minoritygrouphavebeenrepresentedbycontribu- lifeonthisplanet. tors to this edition. Both practicing teachers and To allow the greatest possible flexibility in professional biologists have worked closely curriculumstructure, the BiologicalSciencesCur- togethertoproducethisedition. riculum Study has produced many different com- The newedition representsthe mostmodernof plementaryandsupplementaryprogramsdesigned biologicalresearchesatthecuttingedgeofthedis- for different student abilities, different delivery cipline.Asthehundredsofacknowledgmentsshow, systems, and different community needs. This itisbasedonyearsofsuccessfulclassroom imple- broad range ofprogram materials can be used to mentation. Weareproudtobeassociatedwithour structure courses targeted for a wide variety of newpublisher,D.C. Heath,anditsexceptionallist abilitiesandneeds.BiologicalScience:AMolecu- ofsecondary science texts based on the work of lar Approach was born after considerable needs curriculum studies funded and established by the assessment and study of biology as presented in NationalScienceFoundation. American secondary schools. Itowes its structure BSCSlookstoteachersandstudentsthroughout primarily to Dr. Ingrith DeyrupOlsen, nowofthe the United States forcontinuedcriticalreviewand University of Washington, who supervised the comment. We continue to encourage communica- preparation ofthe firstexperimental edition. This tion and will acknowledge allquestions and com- volume representsabalancedapproachtobiology ments sent us. These should be forwarded to the andservesequallywelleitherasaterminalcourse Directorattheaddressbelow. in general education or as a college preparatory courseinbiology.Theorganizationalpatternisone WilliamV.Mayer ofstarting with molecular and cellular structures Director andcell life processes, andproceedingto increas- BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy ingly larger and more inclusive organizational P.O.Box930 levels. While this is but one way to approach the Boulder,Colorado 80306 disciplineofbiology,overtheyearsithasprovento JayBartonII be an attractiveone for large numbersofteachers ChairmanoftheBoard and students. The workdeveloped initially by Dr. BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy Olsen and her colleagues was continued by Dr. UniversityofAlaska ClaudeA. Welch, nowofMacalesterCollege, and Fairbanks,Alaska 99701 1 Contents PartOne: Interaction Chapter1 TheScienceofLife 1 Chapter2 LivingThings 19 Chapter3 TheoriesofEvolution 47 PartTwo: EvolutionofLifeProcesses Chapter4 ForerunnersofLife 69 Chapter5 ChemicalEnergyforLife 95 Chapter6 LightasEnergyforLife 115 Chapter7 LifewithOxygen 137 PartThree: NewLife Chapter8 MasterMolecules 153 Chapter9 TheGeneticCode 171 Chapter10 TheCellTheory 195 Chapter1 Reproduction 219 Chapter12 Development 245 PartFour: GeneticContinuity Chapter13 PatternsofHeredity 269 Chapter14 GenesandChromosomes 293 Chapter15 OriginofNewSpecies 315 Chapter16 TheHumanSpecies 341

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