Biological science: a molecular approach : Bscs Blue version.

810 Pages·1980·88.564 MB·English

Biological
Science
Molecular
Approach
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BSCSBlueVersion
FOURTHEDITION
Biological Science
AMolecularApproach
BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy
P.O.Box930
Boulder,Colorado 80306
RevisionTeam
BSCSStaff:
DonE.Meyer,Supervisor
NorrisM.Ross
RichardR.Tolman
WilliamV. Mayer
JosephD. Mclnerney
BettyD.Allamong,BiologyDepartment,BallStateUniversity,Muncie,Indiana
WalterAuffenberg,DepartmentofNaturalSciences,FloridaStateMuseum,
UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida
H.BentleyGlass,DepartmentofBiology,StateUniversityofNewYork,Stony
Brook,NewYork
WernerG.Heim,DepartmentofBiology,TheColoradoCollege,ColoradoSprings,
Colorado
JohnA.Moore.DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,
California
KeithMorrill,BiologyDepartment,SouthDakotaStateUniversity,Brookings,
SouthDakota
JerryWagner,BiologyDepartment,AnokaSeniorHighSchool,Anoka,Minnesota
Editor
HughR McCarthy,D.C. HeathandCompany,Lexington,Massachusetts
Ulogical
BiologicalSciencesCurriculum Study
RO.Box930,
Boulder,Colorado80306
BSCSBlueVersion
FOURTHEDITION
Science
A Molecular Approach
m
D.C. HeathandCompany
Lexington,Massachusetts Toronto
,
Coverphoto: Agreen algaofthegenusCosmarium.
These algae inhabitsoil andfresh water. A mid-cell
constrictiondividesthecell intotwosemicells. Each
semicellinthephotographhastwogreenchloroplasts.
Thisphotomicrograph,usinglightinterferencemicro-
scopy,wastakenbyEricGrave.
Writers associated with previous editions ofthe BSCS
Blue Version, with theiraffiliations atthetimeoftheir
participation:
Daniel I. Amon, University of California, Berkeley,
Calif. CharlesR. Botticelli, BostonUniversity, Boston,
Mass.HaroldM.Cochran,NorthernHighSchool,Flint,
Mich.FrankC.Erk,StateUniversityofNewYork,Stony
Brook,N.Y.JackFishleder, WestPhoenixHighSchool,
Phoenix,Ariz.SisterMarianCatherineMcGrann,Mary
Starofthe SeaHigh School, San Pedro, Calif. Ingrith
DeyrupOlsen, Barnard College, Columbia University,
New York, N.Y. GordonE. Peterson, SanMarinoHigh
School,SanMarino,Calif.SisterMaryPius,MariaHigh
School, Chicago, 111. S. Arthur Reed, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Ha. John R. Shaver, Michigan State
University,East-Lansing,Mich.FrankW.Smith,Jr.,Los
AltosHighSchool, LosAltos,Calif. DennisW. Straw-
bridge, Michigan StateUniversity,EastLansing, Mich.
RichardW. VanNorman,UniversityofUtah, SaltLake
City, Utah. Claude A. Welch, MacalesterCollege, St.
Paul,Minn.
Copyright©1980, 1973, 1968, 1963 by the Biological
SciencesCurriculumStudy.
All rightsreserved. Nopartofthispublication may be
reproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording
orany information storageorretrieval system, without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forpermissions
andotherrightsunderthiscopyright,pleasecontactthe
PermissionsDepartment,DC.HeathandCo.,125Spring
St.,Lexington,Mass.02173.U.S.A.
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:0-699-02746-4
Foreword
An understandingofscienceisessential ifcitizens otheraddedmembersofthewritingteam,through
are to make inf—ormed decisions concerning their three successfulcommercialeditions. This Fourth
current lifestyles much lesstheirfutureones. Of Edition continues the high standard of content
all of the sciences, only biology touches on all excellenceandconceptdevelopmentinitiallyenvi-
humanactivity,andisthemostrelevanttoourdaily sioned by Dr. Olsen and furtherdeveloped by Dr.
lives. B—iology examines all aspects of human Welch and many others. The current volume is a
activity ourevolutionary history, structure, func- product of a large number of individuals. Both
tion,behavior,relationshiptotheenvironment,and teachers and students have responded to our
ourcapabilities. Wecannot understand human life requestsforcommentandfeedback,andmanywill
inoursocietybystudyingonlyonediscipline, and recognize their contributions herein. As is neces-
sothe study ofbiology extends beyond biological sary,theinitiallylargegroupofparticipantshashad
knowledgealone. Biology musttake itsplace ina their work examined and refined by successively
socialcontextsothatitsgreatpotentialforbenefitis smallergroupsand ultimately bythe writingteam
considered along with its necessary limitations. creditedonthetitlepage. Practicallyeverystatein
The interdependence ofdisciplines must be com- the Union and members of every majority and
prehended ifourknowledge isto be usedwell for minoritygrouphavebeenrepresentedbycontribu-
lifeonthisplanet. tors to this edition. Both practicing teachers and
To allow the greatest possible flexibility in professional biologists have worked closely
curriculumstructure, the BiologicalSciencesCur- togethertoproducethisedition.
riculum Study has produced many different com- The newedition representsthe mostmodernof
plementaryandsupplementaryprogramsdesigned biologicalresearchesatthecuttingedgeofthedis-
for different student abilities, different delivery cipline.Asthehundredsofacknowledgmentsshow,
systems, and different community needs. This itisbasedonyearsofsuccessfulclassroom imple-
broad range ofprogram materials can be used to mentation. Weareproudtobeassociatedwithour
structure courses targeted for a wide variety of newpublisher,D.C. Heath,anditsexceptionallist
abilitiesandneeds.BiologicalScience:AMolecu- ofsecondary science texts based on the work of
lar Approach was born after considerable needs curriculum studies funded and established by the
assessment and study of biology as presented in NationalScienceFoundation.
American secondary schools. Itowes its structure BSCSlookstoteachersandstudentsthroughout
primarily to Dr. Ingrith DeyrupOlsen, nowofthe the United States forcontinuedcriticalreviewand
University of Washington, who supervised the comment. We continue to encourage communica-
preparation ofthe firstexperimental edition. This tion and will acknowledge allquestions and com-
volume representsabalancedapproachtobiology ments sent us. These should be forwarded to the
andservesequallywelleitherasaterminalcourse Directorattheaddressbelow.
in general education or as a college preparatory
courseinbiology.Theorganizationalpatternisone WilliamV.Mayer
ofstarting with molecular and cellular structures Director
andcell life processes, andproceedingto increas- BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy
ingly larger and more inclusive organizational P.O.Box930
levels. While this is but one way to approach the Boulder,Colorado 80306
disciplineofbiology,overtheyearsithasprovento JayBartonII
be an attractiveone for large numbersofteachers ChairmanoftheBoard
and students. The workdeveloped initially by Dr. BiologicalSciencesCurriculumStudy
Olsen and her colleagues was continued by Dr. UniversityofAlaska
ClaudeA. Welch, nowofMacalesterCollege, and Fairbanks,Alaska 99701
1
Contents
PartOne: Interaction
Chapter1 TheScienceofLife 1
Chapter2 LivingThings 19
Chapter3 TheoriesofEvolution 47
PartTwo: EvolutionofLifeProcesses
Chapter4 ForerunnersofLife 69
Chapter5 ChemicalEnergyforLife 95
Chapter6 LightasEnergyforLife 115
Chapter7 LifewithOxygen 137
PartThree: NewLife
Chapter8 MasterMolecules 153
Chapter9 TheGeneticCode 171
Chapter10 TheCellTheory 195
Chapter1 Reproduction 219
Chapter12 Development 245
PartFour: GeneticContinuity
Chapter13 PatternsofHeredity 269
Chapter14 GenesandChromosomes 293
Chapter15 OriginofNewSpecies 315
Chapter16 TheHumanSpecies 341