Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals PDF
Preview Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals
BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS ‘McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series Editoriat Advisory Board James J. Carberry, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Nowre Dame Famus B. Fair, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texts, Austin ‘Max 8. Peters, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Coforada William R. Schowalter, Professor of Cheraical Engineering, Princeton University James Wei, Professor of Chemival Engineering, Massachusetts Insteute of Techaology BUILDING TIIE LITERATURE OF A PROFESSION Fifteen promincat chemical engincers first met in New York more than 60 years ago to plan continuing Hterature fot their smpidly growing profession, From industry came such pioneer practuioncrs a8 Leo H. Backeland, Arthur D. Litle, Charles L. Reese, John VN. Dore, M. C. Whitaker, and RS. McBride, From the univetsties came such eminent educators as William H. Walker, AHred H. White, D..D. Juckson. J, tT, James, Warten K Lewis, and Hacry A. Curis. 11. C. Paemeles, then editor of Chemical and Metalturgteal Engincering, served a8 chiirovan anu as joined subsequently by S. D, Kirkpatrick as ‘consulting editor. ‘Aer several mectings, this committee submitted its teport to the McGraw-Hill Book ‘Company io September 1925, lathe report were detailed specifications for a coreeated series of more than a dozen texts and reference books which have sinee become the McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Eugincering and which became (he eomerstone of the chemical cenginocring curriculum. From this beginning there has evolved u series of texts surpassing by far the scope wud. Toogevity envisioned by the founding Euitoriat Board. The MeGraw-Hil Series in Chemical Engineering stands asa unique historical reord of the development of chemical engineering education and practice. In the series one finds the milestomes of the subject's evolution: industrial chemistry, stoichiometry, unit operations and processes, thermodynamics, Kinetr jes, and [ransfer operations Chemical engineering is a dynamic profession, and its fteratwe continues to evolve. (MeGraw-Hill and its consulting editors romain committed 10 x publishing policy that will serve, and indeed cad, the needs ofthe chernical enginecring profession during the years ta come. THE SE! Bailey st Sennett ¢ Beserid Carberes Chased Catke + Coughs’ Daubert Fabien: Fialayst Gates i Holland Holland! Johinset ‘Johosto Ratz, C Gas, THE SERIES alley and Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bennett and Myers: Morenci, Heat, and Mass Transler Beveridge and Schechter: Optinization: Theory and Practice ‘Chemical and Catalytic Reaction Engincering Ghurebils The interpretation and Use of Rate Data—the Rate Concept Charke and Davidson: Manual for Frocess Enginesring Calculations ‘Conghanowe and Koppel: Process Systenas analysis and Control Daubert: Chemical Engineering Thermodymanics Fabien: Fundonentels of Transport Phenomena Finlayson: Nonlinear Analysis ix Chemical Bngineering (Gates, Katzer, and Schuit: Chemistry of Catalytic Processes Molland: Fundamentals of Multicomponent Distittation Helland avd Linpis: Coreputer Methods for Soiuing Dynamic Senaration Problems Johnson: Automatic Process Control “Johnstone and Thring: Plot Plants, Models, and Scale-Qip Methods in Chemica! Engineering Katz, Coraell, Kobayashi, Poettman Gas Engineering King: Separation Processes Kliazing: Gas-Sofad Transport Kaudsen and Katy: Fluid Dynamites und Heat Transfer Lusher: Process Modeling, Simulation, and Contro! for Chemical Engler MMeCake, Smith, J. C., and Harriott: Unis Operations of Chemical Engineering Mickley, Sherwood, and Reed: Appt Mathematics tu Chemical Fagineering Nelson: Perraleson Refincry Engineering Perry and Chilton (Béltnrs}: Chervical Engineers! Handbook Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering Peters and Timmerhaus: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers Probstein and Hicks: Synthetic Fuels Ray: Advanced Process Control Reid, Prausnitz, aod Sherwood: The Properties of Gases and Liguils Resuick: Process Analysts and Design for Chemical Engineers Satterfield: Heceragencons Catalysis in Practice Sherwood, Pigford, and Wilke: Muss Transfer Smith, B. Ds Design of Equilibrium Stage Processes Smith, J. M,: Chemical Engineering Kineties Sanith, 3. ML, and Van Ness: Inirucuction to Chemical Engineering Thermadynartes ‘Thompson and Ceckler: Inizaduction to Chemical Engineering “Treybal: Minss Transfer Operations Valle-Riestra: Project Fvalution in the Chemical Process Industries Van Ness and Abbott: Clussica! Thermodynansics of Nonetectrolyte Solutions “Applications to Phase Equilibria me Yan Winkle: Disiflurion Yolk: Applied Statistics for Engineers Walas: Reaction Kinetics for Chemical Engineers ‘Wei, Russell, and Seantelandes: The Structure of the Chemical Processing Industries Whitwell and Toner: Conservation of Mass and Energy ‘Vary, Elenbaas, and Weluaug: Hundbook of Natural with Bid. d NY wey BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS Second Edition James F. Bailey California Institute of Techunlogy David F. Ollis North Carolina State University McGraw-Hill Book Company gots Hamburg BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1984 Exclusive rights by MoGraw-Hill Book Co. -— Singapore fcr manutacture and export, This book cannet bo re-exported from the country to which i 1s consigned by MeGraw-Hil B7890BIE9543 ‘Copyright © 1886, 197 by MoGraw-Mil, Ine. . All aghts reserved. No part of this publication may be B is* & ‘reproduced or distibuted in any form or by any means, 2 OF stored in a data base oy retrieval system, without 5 the prior written permission of the publisher. This book was set in Times Roman, ‘The editors were Kiran Verma and Cydney C. Martin, ‘The production supervisor was: Diane Renda, Library of Congress Cetaloging-in-Pubticalion Dala alley, James E. (James Edwin), 1944 24 Biochomical engineering fundamentals “4p ‘McGraw-Hill chemical enginearing eerien) 3 Includes tibiographies and inden o 1. Biochemicai engingering, 1 OMis, Davi F B34 H Tie. i Series. TPRA35S4 1986 660.63 85-1974 26 ISBN 0-07-onee12-2 ‘When ordering this fle use ISBN 0-07. 0 68602-8 Painted In Singapore eran CONTENTS Chapter 1 uy 12 14 Chapter 2 at 23 24 Preface A Little Microbiology Biophysics and the Coli Doeteine The Stracture of Cals 12 Procaryotic Calls 122 Eucarsatie Cells 123 Cel tacionation Example 11+ Anaisis of Partste Motion ina Centrifuge Important Cell Types TAL Bacteria 132 Yeans 133° Molds 134 Algae and Protozoa 135 Animal and Plant Cells A Perspective fr Turther Study Problems References Chemicals of Life Lipids DAA Fatty Acide and Related Lipids 21.2 Fatsoluble Vitamins, Steroids, and Other Lipids Sugars and Polysaccharides 22.1 wGlucose and Other Monosaccharides 22.2 Disecharides to Polysaccharides 22.3 Cellulose From Nucleotides to RNA and DNA 23.1 Building Blocks, an Energy Carrier, and Cocnzyries 232. Wialogical Information Storage: DNA and RNA Amino Acids into Proteins 24.4 Amino Acid Building Blocks and Polypeptedes x CONTENTS Chapter 3 34 3.2 33 35 36 aT Chapter 4 al 242. Protein Structure 243° Primary Steueture 244 Three-Dimensional Conformation: Secondary and Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure and Biological Regulation tid Biochemicals 281 Cell Envelopes: Peptidoglycan and Lipopolysaccharides, 232. Antibodies and Other Glycoproteins ‘The Hierarchy of Cellular Organization. Problems References The Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions ‘The Enzyme-Substrate Complex and Enzyme Action Simple Enzyme Kinetics with One and Two Substrates 321 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 322. Evaluation of Parameters in the Michaclis-Mencen Equation 32.3 Kinetics for Reversible Reactions, Two-Substrate Reactions, and Cofactor Activation Determination of Hlementary-Step Rate Constants 331 Melaxation Kinetics 33.2 Some Resulis of Transicnt-Kinetics Investigation Other Patterns of Substrate Concentration Dependence. 34.1 Substrate Activation and Inhibition 342 Multiple Substrates Reacting on a Single Enzyme Modulation and Regulation of Enzymatic Activity 35.1 The Mechanisms of Reversible Enzyme Modulation 35.2 Analysis of Reversible Modulator Eifects on Enzyme Kineties Other Infinences on Enzyme Activity 361 The Eifect of pl on Enzyme Kinetics in Solution 3.62 Enzyme Rewction Rates and Temperature Enzyme Deactwation 37.1 Mechanisms and Manifestations of Protein Denatoration 372 Deactivation Models and Kinetics 3.73. Mechanical Forces Acting oa Enzymes 3.7.4 Strategies for Enzyme Stabilization Enzyme Reactions in Helcrogencous Systems Probleras References Applied Enzyme Catalysis Applications of Hydrolytic Enzymes 41.1 Hydtolyis of Starch and Celllose Example 4.1: Influence of Crystallinity on Enzymatic Hydrolysis * of Celtulose 412 Prowolstie Enzymes 43 Esterase Applications 6 43 44 4S 38 57 58 414 Enzyme Mixtures, Pestic Enzymes, and Additional Appbications Other Applications of Enzymes in Solotion 42.1 Medical Applications of Enzymies 422 Nonhydrolstic Enzymes in Current and Developing Indnstvial Testmotogy Immobilized-Enzyme Technology 43.1 Enzyme Immobilization 4.32 Industrial Processes 4132 Medical and Analytical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes 4.34 Utilization and Regeneration of Cofactors Immobilized Enzyme Kinetics AL Bfects of External Mass-Transfer Resistance 442 Analysis of fattaparticle Diffusion and Reaction Example 4.2: estimation of Difiesion and intrinsic Kinetic Parameters for am iommobilized Enzyme Catalyse 443 Sinuultaneous Filt and lntraparticle Mass-Transfer Resistances 444 Fetecss of Inhibitors, Temperature, and pH on CONTENTS Xi Hmmobifized Eneyme Catalytic Activity aad Deactivation 220 Concluding Remarks Problems References Metabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics Thermodynamic Principles Metahotic Reaction Coupling: ATP and NAD £21 ATP and Other Phosphate Compounds 522. Oxidation and Reduction: Coupling #a NAD Carbon Catabolism 5.51 Fmbden-Meyerhol-Parnas Pathway $32. Other Carbohydrate Cataholic Pathwags Respiration $a] The TCA Cyde 542. The Respiratory Chain Photonvathesis Tapping the Uhimate Sowce 51 LightHarvesting 5552. Eleaon Transport and Photophosphorslation Biosynthesis 561. Synthesis of Smalh Molecules $62. Macromolecnle Synthesis “Transport aeost Cell Membranes 571. Passive and Fusiitated Pision 572. Aative Transport ‘Metabolic Orgenization and Regulation S21. Key Crossroads and travch Points in Metabolism 582. Enayme Level Regulation of Metabolism 59 510 sal Chapter 6 64 62 63 64 65 End Products of Metabolism 59.1 Anaerobic Metabolism (Fermentation) Products 539.2. Pactial Oxidation and Its End Products 593. Secondary Metabolite Synthesis Stoichiometry of Cel! Growth and Product Formation $10.1 Overall Growth Stoichiometry: Medium Formutation and Yield Factors 5.102 Elemental Material Balances for Growth 5.10.3 Product Formation Stoichiometry 5404 Metabolic Encrgy Stoichiometry: Heat Generation and Yield Factor Estimates S105 Photosynthesis Stoichiometry Coneindiog Remarks Problems Refercnees Molecular Genetics and Control Systems ‘Molecular Geneties 6.1.) The Processes of Gone Expression 6.1.2 Split Genes and MENA Modification in Eucaryotes 61.3 Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins 6.14 Induction and Repression; Control of Protein Synthesis 61.5 DNA Replication and Mutation $1.6 Overview of Information Flow in the Cell Alteration of Cellular DNA 62.1 Virus and Phayes: Lysogeny and Transduction 62.2 Bacterial Transformation and Conjugation 623° Cell Fusion Commercial Applications of Microbial Geneties and Mutant Populations 63.1 Cellular Control Systems: Implications for Medium Formalation 63.2. Utilization of Auxotropbic Mutants 3.3 Mutants with Altered Regulatory Systems Recombinant DNA Technology 64.1 Enzymes for Manipulating DNA GA2 Veelors for Escherichia coli 643. Characterivation of Cloned DNAs 644 Expression of Eucaryotic Proteins in £. colt 64S Genetic Engineering Using Other Host Organisms 646 Concleding Remarks Growth and Reproduction of a Single Celt 65.1 Experimental Methods: Flow Cytometry and rachronous Cultures 64.2 The Celt Cycle of E. coli 653. The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle Problems References
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