Bio-Technology Audit in Hungary: Guidelines, Implementation, Results

226 Pages·1998·21.149 MB·English

by  Ulrike Bross, Dr. Annamária Inzelt, Dr. Thomas Reiß (auth.)

TECHNOLOGY, lNNOVATION and POLICY 7
Series of the Fraunhofer Institute
for Systems and Innovation Research (ISQ
Ulrike Bross · Annamária Inzelt
Thomas Reiß
Bio-Technology Audit
in Hungary
Guidelines, Implementation, Results
In Co-operation with
Rainer Bierhals, Doris Holland, Stefan Kuhlmann,
Chris Mahler-Johnstone, Silke Just and Christine Schädel
Anikó Baricz, Gyöngyi Kürthy, Zoltán Németh, Balázs Pozsony
Árpád Király, Noerni T6falvy and Gábor Kulcsár
With 21 Figures
and 30 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Ulrike Bross
Dr. Thomas ReiB
Fraunhofer Institute for
Systems and Innovation Research (lSI)
Breslauer Str. 48
D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
Dr. Annamaria Inzelt
Innovation Research Centre (IKU)
Budapest University of Economics
Muzeum u. 17
H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
ISBN 978-3-7908-1092-9
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek-CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Bross, Ulrike:
Bio-technology audit in Hungary: guidelines, implementation,
results I Ulrike Bross; Annamaria Inzelt; Thomas Reil3.
(Technology, innovation, and policy; 7)
ISBN 978-3-7908-1092-9 ISBN 978-3-642-52472-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-52472-1
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Preface
This book offers a guideline for "Technology Audit" exercises for the transforming
innovation systems of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). Further
more, the book presents the results of an exemplary application of this guideline in
the field of biotechnology in Hungary. The authors - a group of innovation re
searchers of the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (lSI),
Germany, and of the Innovation Research Centre (IKU), Hungary -provide a sound
concept for the identification of technological strengths and weaknesses of the
CEECs' industrially oriented research systems as a basis for the design of advanced
innovation policies.
After the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) had
proposed a "Technology Audit" of Hungary in 1993, a pilot audit was carried out
under their auspices. In parallel, the German Federal Ministry of Education, Sci
ence, Research and Technology (BMFT) put forward the idea of developing the
audit concept further in order to make it applicable also in other Central and Eastern
European Countries. They asked lSI to utilise the running OECD audits as a learn
ing source and to work out a comprehensive audit approach. On the basis of the
observation and analysis of the OECD audit in Hungary, under critical application
of the methodological approaches used hereby, and taking the experience with the
practical use of the audit results into consideration, lSI developed a concept contain
ing several core elements: (1) differentiation between general methodological as
pects applicable to "all" potential audits in Central and Eastern European countries
and those which will usually have to be re-designed country by country; (2) defini
tions and concepts for the identification of a country's "strategic" sectors or techno
logical competencies; (3) concepts of "competitiveness" in terms of different mar
kets; (4) concepts for "macro" analyses taking into account a probable lack of com
parable and reliable data and statistics; (5) concepts for "micro" analyses regarding
the specific dynamics and the speed of the ongoing transformation processes and
their consequences for the prospects of single companies or R&D labs; (6) and con
cepts to secure the practical "policy relevance" of the audit results.
The resulting transferable Audit Guideline is documented in the first part of this
book. In order to check the reliability of the Audit Guideline it was applied to the
Hungarian biotechnology infrastructure. This case study "Biotechnology" was car
ried out jointly with IKU, Budapest. It is documented in the second part of this
book. This project serves as a good example of how Western experiences in various
research areas, here especially methodological knowledge of lSI in the fields of the
analysis of technological competitiveness and innovation potentials, evaluation re
search and international developments in biotechnology, can be fruitfully combined
with specific expertise and know-how of countries in transition contributed by IKU.
VI
Furthermore the co-operation offered the opportunity to engage in a mutuai"learning
process between partners from Western Europe and from economies in transition on
which further co-operation and exchange can build.
We owe many thanks to all participants in the various stages of this comprehensive
"Audit Exercise"; they contributed lots of valuable ideas: in particular, we want to
thank our former colleague Dr. Doris Holland for her engagement during the early
stages of the project, the authors of the above mentioned sectoral audits, the audit
initiators at the OECD, in particular Mr. Jean-Eric Aubert, the initiator of the studies
presented in this book, Mr. Michael Szeplabi of the German Federal Ministry for
Research and Technology (BMBF, successor to BMFT), the supporters of our work
at the Hungarian National Committee for Technological Development (OMFB), in
particular Mr. Sandor Bottka, and last but not least, the many Hungarian experts in
the field of biotechnology without whose collaboration the biotechnology audit
would not have been feasible.
Frieder Meyer-Krahmer, Director
Stefan Kuhlmann, Head of Department "Technology Analysis and Innovation
Strategies"
Contents
Summary .................................................................................................................... 1
I. Technology Audit Guidelines for Central and Eastern European
Countries ........................................................................................................... 13
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15
2. Situation in Central and Eastern European Countries ................................ 17
2.1 Political Transition and Economic Performance ............................ 17
2.2 Modernisation of Science and Industry .......................................... 20
3. Principles of Technology Audit ....................................................................... 23
3.1 Technology Audit as an Instrument of Innovation Policy .............. 23
3.2 Contemporary Research .................................................................. 25
3.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Evaluation Research ........................................................................ 26
3.2.3 Innovation Potential of a Region .................................................... 27
3.2.4 Technological Competitiveness of a Country ................................. 28
3.2.5 Technology Audit of Enterprises .................................................... 30
3.2.6 Summary and Methodological Implications ................................... 31
3.3 Research on Technological Strengths in CEECs ............................ 33
3.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 33
3.3.2 Selection of Literature ..................................................................... 33
3.3.3 Aggregate Analysis ......................................................................... 34
3.3.4 Research on Enterprises, their Internal Organisation and
Inter-firm Relations ......................................................................... 35
3.3.5 Research on the Knowledge Infrastructure ..................................... 37
3.3.6 Summary and Methodological Implications ................................... 37
4. Pilot Technology Audits in Hungary .............................................................. 41
4.1 OECD Technology Audit in Hungary ........................................... .41
4.1.1 Background and Concept ofthe OECD Audit... ............................ .41
4.1.2 Experiences of the OECD Audit... ................................................. .43
VIII
4.1.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 43
4.1.2.2 Audit Objectives .............................................................................. 44
4.1.2.3 Selection of Auditors ....................................................................... 44
4.1.2.4 Data Collection ................................................................................ 45
4.1.2.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................. 48
4.1.2.6 Generation of Results and Recommendations ................................ 49
4.1.2.7 Dissemination and Implementation of Results of the Audit ........... 50
4.2 Biotechnology Audit Hungary ........................................................ 51
4.2.1 Background and Concept of the Biotechnology Audit... ................ 51
4.2.2 Experiences of Biotechnology Audit .............................................. 51
4.2.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 51
4.2.2.2 Audit Objectives .............................................................................. 52
4.2.2.3 Selection of Auditors ....................................................................... 52
4.2.2.4 Data Collection ................................................................................ 53
4.2.2.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................. 55
4.2.2.6 Generation of Results and Recommendations ................................ 55
4.2.2.7 Dissemination and Implementation ................................................. 56
5. Guideline for Technology Audit in CEECs ................................................... 57
5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 57
5.2 Audit Objectives .............................................................................. 57
5.3 Selection of Auditors ....................................................................... 59
5.4 Data Collection ................................................................................ 60
5.4.1 Interdependence between Selection of Indicators, Data
Sources and Methods of Analysis ................................................... 60
5.4.2 Selection of Indicators ..................................................................... 61
5.4.3 DataSources .................................................................................... 65
5.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................. 70
5.6 Generation of Results and Recommendations ................................ 72
5.7 Dissemination and Implementation of Audit Results ..................... 74
5.8 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................... 74
IX
II. Biotechnology Audit of Hungary ...........................................................•........ 77
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 79
2. International Development of Biotechnology ................................................ 83
2.1 USA ................................................................................................. 83
2.1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 83
2.1.2 Commercial Activities ..................................................................... 84
2.1.3 Framework Conditions .................................................................... 86
2.1.4 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 88
2.2 Japan ................................................................................................ 88
2.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 88
2.2.2 Research Institutions ....................................................................... 89
2.2.3 Commercial Activities ..................................................................... 91
2.2.4 Framework Conditions .................................................................... 92
2.2.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 94
2.3 Germany .......................................................................................... 95
2.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 95
2.3.2 Research Institutions ....................................................................... 95
2.3.3 Commercial Activities ..................................................................... 96
2.3.4 Framework Conditions .................................................................... 98
2.3.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 99
2.4 United Kingdom ............................................................................ 100
2.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 100
2.4.2 Research Institutions ..................................................................... 101
2.4.3 Commercial Activities ................................................................... 105
2.4.4 Framework Conditions .................................................................. 106
2.4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................... 107
2.5 Israel .............................................................................................. 107
3. State and Development of Hungarian Biotechnology ................................. 111
3.1 Legacy of the Socialist System in the Field of
Biotechnology ............................................................................... 111
3.2 Framework Conditions for Biotechnology in Hungary ................ 114
3.2.1 Financingissue .............................................................................. 117
X
3.2.2 Legal Framework .......................................................................... 119
3.2.3 Public Acceptance and Information on Biotechnology ................ 121
3.3 Empirical Analysis of the Present Situation ................................. 122
3.3.1 Audit as a Method ......................................................................... 122
3.3.2 Basic Features of the Sample ........................................................ 128
3.3.3 Biotechnology Activities ............................................................... 131
3.3.4 Market for Hungarian Biotechnology ........................................... 135
3.3.5 Innovations .................................................................................... 137
3.3.5.1 Innovation System ......................................................................... 138
3.3.5.2 Innovation in Firms ....................................................................... 140
3.3.5.3 Patent Activities ............................................................................ 144
3.3.6 Business Network .......................................................................... 147
3.3.7 Competitiveness ............................................................................ 152
3.3.7.1 Strengths and Weaknesses and Opportunities and Threats .......... 153
3.3.7.2 Competitive Position and Strategic Orientation ........................... 162
4. Comparison of International and Hungarian Development of
Biotechnology .................................................................................................. 169
4.1 Success Factors for Biotechnology -Lessons from the
International Experience ............................................................... 169
4.2 Performance of Biotechnology in Hungary in International
Comparison ................................................................................... 171
4.2.1 Research Base and Manpower ...................................................... 171
4.2.2 Know-how Transfer and Interdisciplinary Networking ............... 176
4.2.3 Market Orientation ........................................................................ 181
4.2.4 Financing ....................................................................................... 183
4.2.5 Legal Framework .......................................................................... 185
5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 187
6. References ....................................................................................................... 193
ANNEX ................................................................................................................... 209
Annex 1: Methodological Notes .............................................................................. 209
Annex II: Revised Hungarian Intellectual Property Rights .................................... 213
Annex III: List of Investigated Institutes and Firms ............................................... 217