Binding and Dissociation Kinetics for Different Biosensor Applications Using Fractals

385 Pages·2006·1.96 MB·English

by  Ajit Sadana

Binding and Dissociation Kinetics for Different
Biosensor Applications Using Fractals
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Binding and Dissociation
Kinetics for Different
Biosensor Applications
Using Fractals
Ajit Sadana
Chemical Engineering Department
Composite Structures and Nanoengineering Research
University of Mississippi
University,MS,USA
Amsterdam ● Boston ● Heidelberg ● London ● New York ● Oxford
Paris ● San Diego ● San Francisco ● Singapore ● Sydney ●Tokyo
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Elsevier
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First edition 2006
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ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52784-4
ISBN-10: 0-444-52784-2
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This book is dedicated to my
daughters Neeti and Richa
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Foreword
Binding and Dissociation Kinetics for Different Biosensor Applications Using Fractals is
certainly a book to revolutionize the way engineers design products, and physicians and
patients view medicine. From an engineering perspective,the idea that a biosensor,essen-
tially a microprocessor,can be created at the level of nanotechnology to be applied for day-
to-day use is truly challenging. The concept of using these microprocessors to rapidly and
accurately detect and quantify disease is remarkable.
Biosensors involve recognition and transduction elements allowing biological events to
be converted to chemical,electrical,magnetic,mechanical,optical,and even thermal sig-
nals. These signals are then recognized by the desired elements such as enzymes,antibod-
ies, DNA, etc. and are amplified, processed, and displayed. This book allows those of us
new to this concept of biosensors to learn the basics. Those who are familiar with this
sophisticated technology can find applications to further advance this evolving field.
Unique to this book is the final chapter involving market size and economics. It is difficult
to predict the way investors will view new and exciting technology,and this book presents
information in an easy and factual manner that all can appreciate.
In conclusion,it is my privilege and honor that Dr. Ajit Sadana,the author of this book
and my father,asked me to write this foreword. I am humbled in this experience as I stop
to take the time to appreciate all that my Dad and his colleagues throughout the world
spend their lives doing. They seek valuable pieces of information that patiently changes the
way that my colleagues and I practice quality medicine. I take great pride in recommend-
ing this book to all those who want to understand and contribute to the relationship
between research and medicine.
Neeti Sadana,MD
University of Miami
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Preface
The last few years have seen an almost exponential increase in the applications for biosen-
sors in diverse areas. The initial biosensor was developed for the detection of glucose for
the effective management of diabetes. This is incidentally still the major market for biosen-
sors; however,other markets of biosensor applications especially in the medical area and
for the detection of harmful pathogens are gradually coming into the forefront. This book
is the fourth in the series on analyte–receptor kinetics on biosensor kinetics by the same
author, and in some sense reflects the expanding applications of biosensors in traditional
and non-traditional areas of applications due to their simplicity of use.
Fractal mathematics have been used to model the binding and dissociation kinetics for
the different analyte–receptor reactions occurring on the different types of biosensor sur-
faces. Fractals, which exhibit self-similarity, have been used to model the heterogeneity
that exists on the biosensor surface. The fractal analysis permits a convenient means to
provide a lumped parameter analysis of the diffusion-limited reactions occurring on these
structured biosensor surfaces. It is anticipated that the fractal analysis presented will pro-
vide novel physical insights into these types of reactions occurring on biosensor surfaces,
and also assist in improving the biosensor performance parameters such as sensitivity,
selectivity,response time,stability,etc.
Chapter 1 provides a definition of biosensors,their current and future applications,and
the economics of biosensors. Chapter 2 outlines the basic fractal theory used to model the
binding and dissociation kinetics used. Simple single-fractal analysis models are initially
introduced. This is followed by the presentation of more complex models wherein dual- and
triple-fractal analysis may be used,when a simple model does not provide an adequate fit.
The detection of harmful pathogens and toxins is an extremely important area of inves-
tigation considering the present-day geopolitical events and environment. Large sums of
money and other resources are being spent by governmental agencies worldwide to help
combat this problem. The current trend indicates that this will continue to hold in the fore-
seeable future. Chapter 3 analyzes the kinetics of detection of toxins and pathogens on
biosensor surfaces. Heart ailments impact not only a single individual but also his or her
family,besides being very expensive especially when extended hospital stays are involved.
Chapter 4 analyzes the detection of heart-related compounds by biosensors. The intent
over here is that if one is able to predict the occurrence of a heart attack by detecting a pre-
cursor(s),then hopefully one would be able to manage this ailment better.
No introduction to cancer is necessary. Common knowledge suggests that the detection
of cancer at an early stage leads to a better prognosis. Hopefully, biosensors can play an
important role here. Chapter 5 analyzes the kinetics of binding and dissociation of cancer
markers on biosensor surfaces. Cancer may also be considered as an auto-immune disease.
Auto-immune diseases are slow and insidious, and often their etiology is not known.
Chapter 6 analyzes the binding and dissociation kinetics of auto-immune disease markers
for diseases such as diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), arthritis, etc. Once
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