BIM in Principle and In Practice PDF
Preview BIM in Principle and In Practice
ice Institution of Civil Engineerr publishing BIM in Principle and in Practice Peter Barnes and Nigel Davies PublishedbyICEPublishing,OneGreatGeorgeStreet, Westminster,LondonSW1P3AA. FulldetailsofICEPublishingsalesrepresentativesanddistributors canbefoundat: www.icevirtuallibrary.com/info/printbooksales OthertitlesbyICEPublishing: IntelligentBuildings:Design,ManagementandOperation(2nded). DerekClements-Croome.ISBN978-0-7277-5734-0 AssetManagement:Whole-LifeManagementofPhysicalAssets. ChrisLloyd.ISBN978-0-7277-3653-6 SustainableInfrastructure:PrinciplesintoPractice. CharlesAingerandRichardFenner.ISBN978-0-7277-5754-8 www.icevirtuallibrary.com Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe BritishLibrary ISBN978-0-7277-5863-7 #ThomasTelfordLimited2014 ICEPublishingisadivisionofThomasTelfordLtd,awholly- ownedsubsidiaryoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers(ICE). Allrights,includingtranslation,reserved.Exceptaspermittedby theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,nopartofthis publicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthePublisher,ICEPublishing,OneGreatGeorgeStreet, Westminster,LondonSW1P3AA. Thisbookispublishedontheunderstandingthattheauthoris solelyresponsibleforthestatementsmadeandopinions expressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarilyimply thatsuchstatementsand/oropinionsareorreflecttheviewsor opinionsofthepublishers.Whilsteveryefforthasbeenmadeto ensurethatthestatementsmadeandtheopinionsexpressedin thispublicationprovideasafeandaccurateguide,noliabilityor responsibilitycanbeacceptedinthisrespectbytheauthoror publishers. Whilsteveryreasonableefforthasbeenundertakenbythe authorandthepublishertoacknowledgecopyrightonmaterial reproduced,iftherehasbeenanoversightpleasecontactthe publisherandwewillendeavourtocorrectthisuponareprint. CommissioningEditor:JenniferSaines ProductionEditor:VikarnChowdhary MarketSpecialist:CatherinedeGatacre Coverimage:CourtesyofShutterstock.com#Sergey150770 TypesetbyAcademic+Technical,Bristol IndexcreatedbyPaulineDavies PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,CroydonCR04YY Contents Preface vii Abouttheauthors ix 01 ............................ Introduction 1 02 ............................ AnoverviewofBIM 5 2.1 WhatisBIM? 5 2.2 ThebackgroundandhistoryofBIM 5 2.3 WhydoesBIMmatter? 8 2.4 WhatisFIM? 11 2.5 IstheconstructionindustryBIM/FIMready? 13 2.6 WhatwillBIMdointhefuture? 15 2.7 ToBIMornottoBIM? 17 References 18 03 ............................ HowBIMworks 19 3.1 Anexplanationofpracticaltechniques 19 3.2 ThelevelsofBIMandBIMmaturity 24 3.3 BIMmodels 25 3.4 Hardwareandsoftware 29 3.5 PAS1192-2:2012 31 3.6 ConstructionOperationsBuilding InformationExchange(COBie) 32 References 40 04 ............................ IncorporatingBIM 43 4.1 GettingstartedwithBIM 43 4.2 TheintegrationofBIM 44 4.3 Amovefromthetraditionalapproach 50 4.4 Incorporatingtheteam 53 References 57 05 ............................ ManagingBIM 59 5.1 BIMprotocolsandstandards 59 5.2 TheroleoftheBIMinformationmanager 70 5.3 ProjectBIMcoordinator 72 5.4 BIMcoordinationprogramme 73 References 74 06 ............................ Designliabilityandownership 75 6.1 Whatisthedesign? 75 6.2 Whoarethedesigneranddelegated designers? 76 6.3 Thedesigner’sliability 78 v 6.4 Informationownershipandpreservation 79 6.5 Datatranslation,interoperability,storage andretrieval 81 6.6 Intellectualproperty 82 References 83 07 ............................ Contracts 85 7.1 Collaboration 85 7.2 Newcontracts 89 7.3 Integratedprojectdelivery 96 7.4 Single-purposeentities 96 7.5 Designandbuild 97 7.6 HowwillBIMbeusedindispute avoidance/disputeresolution? 99 References 100 08 ............................ Insurance,liabilityandrisk 103 8.1 Insurance 103 8.2 Suretybondingindustry 105 09 ............................ Example1–BIMappliedtoalarge undergroundrailwaystation 107 10 ............................ Example2–BIMappliedtoprecast concretefabricators 111 11 ............................ Example3–AsampleCOBiespreadsheet 123 12 ............................ Conclusion 127 Reference 129 Index 131 vi Preface Buildinginformationmodelling(BIM)isthetopicof themoment.Alreadymanycompanieshave experiencedthebenefits(andsomeofthepitfalls)of BIMwhileimplementingBIMtechnologyandthe processesthatitenables. However,thereisstillalargeportionofthe constructionandcivilengineeringindustriesthathas yettotakethefirststepsintotheworldofBIM. Furthermore,andtoverymanypeople,BIMisa mysterythatisexpressedinaforeignlanguage.Itis perceivedasbeinghighlytechnicalanddifficultto graspasaconcept. Despitethat,thosesamepeopleknowthatBIM cannotbeignored,anditisapparentthatthe consultants,contractorsandsubcontractorsthatget involvedwithBIMnow,orattheleastinform themselvesaboutwhatBIMcandofortheirpractice orcompanyandhowaBIM-enabledcompany mightbetterservetheindustry,willsoonbeinhigh demand. AsBIMbecomesmorecommonlyused,andasitis specifiedmoreoftenincontracts,morebenefitswill surface.BIMwillreshapetheconstructionindustry. Itisnotaquestionofif;itisonlyaquestionof when. Thosewhofeelthattheboatisdoingjustfineand shouldnotberockedmayfindthemselves scramblingforBIMtoolsandrushingintoperhaps ill-advisedchoicesonceBIMbecomesageneral requirement,beitforeconomic,environmentalor otherreasons. Thepurposeofthisbook,therefore,istoexplainin relativelysimpletermswhatBIMisandhowitcan beappliedinpractice.Withthisaiminmind,the earlychaptersofthisbookdealwiththetheoryof BIM,whilethelaterchaptersprovideexamplesof BIMusedinpractice. BIMisafascinatingsubjectandoffersexciting opportunities.Apartfromtheobviousbenefitsof vii designefficienciesandthecontributiontowards sustainableandgreenbuildingdesign,theareasin whichBIMmayhaveevengreaterlong-termeffect areasarethoseofcollaboration,partnering,contract relationships,theresurgenceofterotechnologyinthe modernworld,andevendisputeresolution. Theauthorsofthisbookhaveaparticularinterestin BIM,andrealisethat,becauseoftheimportanceof BIMtotheconstructionandcivilengineering industries,thebenefitsandpotentialgainsofusing BIMneedtobewidelybroadcast,andthisisthe purposeofthisbook.Itishopedthatthereadersof thisbookwillfindittoinformativeandinteresting, andthatitwilldevelopaninterestinthemto investigateBIMfurtherandapplyBIMtechniques inthecomingyears. Finally,wearebothmostgratefultoallthosewho havecontributedtoourknowledgeaboutthesubject matterofthisbookovertheyears,andwegive specialthankstoourfamilieswhohavebeenagreat supporttousduringthewritingofthisbook. viii Chapter 1 Introduction TherecanbelittledoubtthatBIMisheretostay,butthereiscertainlyagooddealof confusionaboutwhatexactlyBIMis.BIMstandsfor‘buildinginformationmodelling’ or ‘building information management’; and, because of this, sometimes the acronym BIM(M)isused,whichstandsfor‘buildinginformationmodellingandmanagement’. Atitsmostbasiclevel,BIMisacomputerisedprocessthatisusedtodesign,understand and demonstrate the key physical and functional characteristics of a building (or a constructionorcivilengineeringproject)ona‘virtual’computerisedmodelbasis.BIM thereforeprovidestheopportunitytoconcurrentlydesignandvisualisethebuildingin 3D, although it needs to be understood that the opportunity to visualise in 3D is a productofBIM,andnottheprocessofBIMitself. Atitsmoreadvancedlevels,BIMistheuseofacomputersoftwaremodeltosimulatethe constructionandoperationofabuilding,anduseofBIMattheselevelsissomethingthat isboundtohappenmoreandmoreinthefuture.Theresultingmodel,a‘buildinginfor- mation model’, is a digital representation of the building, from which views and data appropriate to various users’ needs can be extracted and analysed to generate infor- mationthatcanbeusedtomakedecisionsandimproveboththeprocessofdelivering thebuildingandtheentirelife-cycleuseofthebuilding. WhiletheuseofBIMappearstobemostappropriatefornewbuildings,itisnotonlyfor newbuildings,butratheritisforallbuildings,botholdandnew.Therefore,inthefuture, theretrospectivemodellingofexistingbuildingstockrepresentsasignificantopportunity fortheeffectiveutilisationofBIMandfor,amongotherthings,theattainmentofsignifi- cantefficiencygains. TheUKGovernmentConstructionStrategypublishedin2011requiredthatfullycollab- orative3DBIMshouldbeusedonallcentrallyprocuredUKGovernmentconstruction projectsby2016.Therefore,whileBIMis,inanyevent,organicallygrowinginuse,the UKGovernment’sConstructionStrategywillnodoubtadvancegreatlytheuseofBIM intheUKoverthenextfewyears,aswilltheneedtoimproveefficiencyandreducecosts 1 BIMinPrincipleandinPractice in both the public and the private sector of the construction and civil engineering industries. Whenappliedcorrectly,BIMisintendedtomakesubstantialcostsavingsthroughoutthe whole life cycle of a building, from design, through construction and maintenance, to regenerationandeventualdisposalorrecycling. Withrespecttothedesignandconstructionphase,theBIMprocess,whenfullyapplied, possesses the potential to save valuable resources, including time, money and natural materials.BIMwilldothisbyreducingtheamountofinaccurateandconflictinginfor- mation, and this, in consequence, will reduce variations, alterations and delays. These benefits will be achieved because the building is constructed in the ‘virtual’ world beforeitisbuiltphysically. TheadoptionoftheBIMprocessduringthedesignandconstructionphaseofabuilding by those parties interested in the successful completion and outcome of the building, from initial design to practical completion of the property, offers the opportunity to achievethesystematiccoordinationanduseofalldataavailable. Overrecentyears,adigitalrevolutionhasoccurredacrossmanyindustries,changingthe waywelive.Nomorethan20yearsagoorsopeoplecouldgenerallyonlybuymusicand filmsfromashopandtheycouldonlybuybooksfromabookshop.Now,ofcourse,this isno longerthe case. iPods,MP3 players,Kindles, iPads, personalcomputers andthe internethavechangedthewayweliveourlives. Informationtechnology(IT)haslongsincebecomepartofoureverydaylives,bothat home and in the workplace, and the BIM process is another, construction-specific chapterinthetailoringofITtothespecificneedsoftheconstructionandcivilengineer- ingindustries. Whereas, previously, documents such as drawings, schedules and specifications were written and stored in hard copy form, this information is now digitally generated and storedfromandwithinBIMmodels.Withintheconstructionandcivilengineeringindus- tries we are now on the threshold of seeing digital information flows from inception through to demolition of projects, which is bound to result in large efficiencies being achievedinmanyareas. AnothermajoraspectofBIMisthepotentialfullcollaborationoftheentireprojectteam – the employer, the architect, the engineers, the consultants, the contractor and the specialist contractors – in developing the project design. This full collaboration not onlyallowsforincreasedspeedofprojectdelivery,enhancedeconomicsfortheproject 2 Introduction andtrueleanconstructionallatlevelsbutalsohasthepotentialtochangetherelation- ships between the participants in the construction industry, from the more traditional contracts based on obligations and rights to the more modern partnering associations basedonafairallocationandsharingofrisksandliabilities. ThisbookisintendedtoassistintheunderstandingofBIM–howBIMcanbeusednow, andhowitmaybedevelopedfurtherinthefuture–andalsoprovidesanswerstomanyof thecommonquestionsaskedaboutBIM.WhileitisthecasethatBIMisstillverymuch initsinfancyinmanyrespects,andthereareveryfewfullyBIM-compliantprojectsatthe moment, case studies and templates are provided in this book to show how the BIM process (or elements of the BIM process), as described in principle, may actually be appliedinpractice. 3 Chapter 2 An overview of BIM 2.1 What is BIM? Most people consider that BIM stands for ‘building information modelling’ (although some consider that it stands for ‘building information management’). Because of this, sometimestheacronymBIM(M)isused,whichstandsfor‘buildinginformationmodel- lingandmanagement’.However,itdoesnotreallymatterthatmuchwhattheacronym BIMactuallystandsforintermsofthewordsused,theimportantthingtounderstandis ‘WhatisBIM’? With that in mind, and particularly in the context of the construction and civil engineeringindustries,BIMisaprocessthatreliesonacomputerisedvirtual3Dmodel ofabuilding (or a construction or civil engineering project or some other facility, but which, for the ease of future reference, will simply be referred to as a ‘building’) which reacts to changes in the same way that the actually constructed building would. This reaction is achieved by applying to a computer model software applications that are used to design, understand and demonstrate the key physical and functional characteristics of the building throughout its entire life cycle (i.e. from its conception to its final demolition and/or disposal). The BIM process is underpinned by the creation, collation and exchange of shared 3D submodels (i.e. models of a part of the building or of part of the works) with reactive and structured data attached to them. Because this process is one of design and construction being carried out in the virtual world,BIMissometimesalsoreferredtoas‘virtualdesignandconstruction’(VDC). 2.2 Thebackground and history of BIM ToconsiderthebackgroundandhistoryofBIMweneedtostartwithcomputeraided design (CAD), which emerged in the 1950s and 1960s within academia and some very large manufacturing industries that were able to afford mainframe computing, some- thing that was a relatively rare occurrence at that time. Each of those organisations normally produced their own software to produce 2D drawings by computer, and the commercialreturnofthoseCADsystemsforthoseorganisationslayinthetimesaved 5
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