Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence PDF
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Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence This page intentionally left blank Big Data Surveillance and Security Intelligence The Canadian Case Edited by David Lyon and David Murakami Wood © UBC Press 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Big data surveillance and security intelligence : the Canadian case / edited by David Lyon and David Murakami Wood. Names: Lyon, David, editor. | Wood, David Murakami, editor. Description: Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200333143 | Canadiana (ebook) 20200333887 | ISBN 9780774864176 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780774864190 (PDF) | ISBN 9780774864206 (EPUB) Subjects: LCSH: Electronic surveillance – Canada. | LCSH: Intelligence service – Canada. | LCSH: Cyber intelligence (Computer security) – Canada. | LCSH: National security – Canada. | LCSH: National security – International cooperation. | LCSH: Data protection – Canada. Classification: LCC JL86.I58 B54 2020 | DDC 327.1271—dc23 UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada (through the Canada Book Fund) and the British Columbia Arts Council. Set in Helvetica Condensed and Minion by Apex CoVantage, LLC Copy editor: Francis Chow Proofreader: Judith Earnshaw Indexer: Delano Aragão Vaz Cover designer: Alexa Love UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 www.ubcpress.ca Lyon & Murakami Wood_18164-0090q4-4Pass - e-book.indd 4 10/17/2020 10:40:59 AM Contents List of Figures and Tables / viii Preface / ix List of Abbreviations / x Introduction / 3 David Lyon and David Murakami Wood Part 1: Understanding Surveillance, Security, and Big Data 1 Collaborative Surveillance with Big Data Corporations: Interviews with Edward Snowden and Mark Klein / 21 Midori Ogasawara 2 On Denoting and Concealing in Surveillance Law / 43 Christopher Prince 3 Big Data against Terrorism / 57 Stéphane Leman-Langlois 4 Algorithms as Suspecting Machines: Financial Surveillance for Security Intelligence / 68 Anthony Amicelle and David Grondin Part 2: Big Data Surveillance and Signals Intelligence in Canadian Security Organizations 5 From 1967 to 2017: The Communications Security Establishment’s Transition from the Industrial Age to the Information Age / 89 Bill Robinson vi Contents 6 Pixies, Pop-Out Intelligence, and Sandbox Play: The New Analytic Model and National Security Surveillance in Canada / 112 Scott Thompson and David Lyon 7 Limits to Secrecy: What Are the Communications Security Establishment’s Capabilities for Intercepting Canadians’ Internet Communications? / 126 Andrew Clement Part 3: Legal Challenges to Big Data Surveillance in Canada 8 Gleanings from the Security Intelligence Review Committee about the Canadian Security Intelligence Service’s Bulk Data Holdings and the Bill C-59 “Solution” / 149 Micheal Vonn 9 Bill C-59 and the Judicialization of Intelligence Collection / 167 Craig Forcese 10 The Challenges Facing Canadian Police in Making Use of Big Data Analytics / 180 Carrie B. Sanders and Janet Chan Part 4: Resistance to Big Data Surveillance 11 Confronting Big Data: Popular Resistance to Government Surveillance in Canada since 2001 / 197 Tim McSorley and Anne Dagenais Guertin 12 Protesting Bill C-51: Reflections on Connective Action against Big Data Surveillance / 218 Jeffrey Monaghan and Valerie Steeves Part 5: Policy and Technical Challenges of Big Data Surveillance 13 Horizontal Accountability and Signals Intelligence: Lessons Drawing from Annual Electronic Surveillance Reports / 237 Christopher Parsons and Adam Molnar Contents vii 14 Metadata – Both Shallow and Deep: The Fraught Key to Big Data Mass State Surveillance / 253 Andrew Clement, Jillian Harkness, and George Raine Afterword / 269 Holly Porteous Contributors / 275 Index / 281 Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 New Collection Posture NSA slide / 22 7.1 Canadian cyber sensor grid / 133 7.2 Boomerang route originating and terminating in Toronto / 136 14.1 “Context” as metadata category in XKEYSCORE / 261 Tables 7.1 Top border cities for Internet traffic entering Canada / 137 7.2 Top carriers bringing Internet data into Canada / 137 7.3 Principal concentrations of Internet routers by metropolitan area and carrier / 139 Preface This book examines one of the most pressing issues in the organization of society today: the application of new data practices to both global systems and everyday devices – in this case, those that have to do with national security. The editors have been involved in research on surveillance in relation to security for over two decades, but it is difficult to think of innovations as far-reaching and consequential as those involving so-called big data. This is because they rest on novel ways of using data, enabled by massive computing power, and because they touch the lives of everyone. Intelligence gathering in the era of social media and the Internet of Things cannot but implicate and involve all citizens, domestically as well as in other countries, not just those conventionally thought of as suspicious, risky, or threatening. The book is the product of a large-scale research project involving several Canadian universities as well as partners and collaborators in other countries, with its central node at the Surveillance Studies Centre at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. Other lead researchers are from Université Laval, the University of Ottawa, and the University of Victoria, along with St. Andrew’s University in Scotland. This project is underwritten by a five-year Partnership Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), in which academic researchers work collaboratively with partners from both public policy and civil society. More specifically, it comprises expert papers shared at a very stimulating and fruitful research workshop held in Ottawa, in which both academics and members of privacy commissions and civil liberties groups contributed papers for discussion. We are very grateful to the SSHRC both for the funding opportunity and for the doors it opened for our research to be carried out in active cooperation with our Canadian government policy and compliance bodies (the Office of the Privacy Commissioner in Ottawa and the British Columbia Office of the Infor- mation and Privacy Commissioner) and non-governmental organization partners (the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group in Ottawa and the BC Civil Liberties Association). These partnerships are evident in the chapters of this book.
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