Big book Of knowledge

482 Pages·2019·44.08 MB·English

by  DK ;

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Big Book of
Knowledge
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FIRST EDITION 1994 THIS EDITION 2019
General Editor Sarah Phillips Produced for DK by
General Art Editors Ruth Shane, Paul Wilkinson Dynamo Limited
Subject Editors Francesca Baines, Val Burton, Second Floor, Exeter Bank Chambers, 67 High
Deborah Chancellor, Roz Fishel, Hilary Hockman, Street, Exeter EX4 3DT
Rosemary McCormick, Sarah Miller, Seán O’Connell,
Jean Rustean, Anne de Verteuil Project Editor Ben Ffrancon Davies
Subject Art Editors Flora Awolaja, Liz Black, US Editor Karyn Gerhard
Amanda Carroll, Richard Clemson, Ross George, Subject Consultants Peter Chrisp,
Sarah Goodwin, Sara Nunan, Ron Stobbart, Penny Johnson, Susan Pattie, Kristina Routh,
Andrew Walker, Sonia Whillock Chris Woodford, John Woodward
Designers Wayne Blades, Alison Greenhalgh, Jacket Editor Emma Dawson
James Hunter, Marianne Markham, Tuong Nguyen, Jacket Designer Prarthana Dixit,
Alison Verity, Samantha Webb Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi
Picture Researchers Lorna Ainger, DTP Designer Rakesh Kumar
Caroline Brook, Venetia Bullen, Anna Lord, Jackets Editorial Coordinator Priyanka Sharma
Miriam Sharland, Paul Snelgrove Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh
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Margaret Mulvihill, Dr Fiona Payne, Chris Pellant, Managing Editor Lisa Gillespie
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Production Manager Ian Paton Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Production Assistant Harriet Maxwell Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Editorial Director Jonathan Reed Art Director Karen Self
Design Director Ed Day Publishing Director Johnathan Metcalf
This American Edition, 2019 Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited
First American Edition, 2002 A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Published in the United States by DK Publishing ISBN: 978-1-4654-8041-5
1450 Broadway, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10018
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Photographers: Peter Anderson, Steve Bartholomew, Peter Chadwick, Tina Chambers, Andy Crawford, Colour Company, Geoff Dann, John Downes,
Michael Dunning, John Edwards, Lynton Gardiner, Steve Gorton, Colin Keates, Tim Kelly, Gary Kevin, Chris King, Dave King, Cyril Laubscher,
Kevin Mallett, Ray Moller, David Murray, Tim Ridley, David Rudkin, Karl Shone, James Stevenson, John Swift, Harry Taylor, Andreas von Einsiedel,
Jerry Young. Illustrators: Graham Allen, Norman Barber, David Bergen, Roby Braun, Peter Bull, Joanna Cameron, Jim Channell, Bob Corley,
Sandra Doyle, David Fathers, Roy Flooks, Tony Gibbons, Mike Gillah, Tony Graham, Peter Griffiths, Terry Hadler, Edwina Hannah, Charlotter Hard,
Kaye Hodges, Keith Hume, Ray Hutchins, Aziz Khan, Pavel Kostal, Norman Lacey, Stuart Lafford, Kenneth Lilly, Linden Artists, Steve Lings, Mike
Loates, Chris Lyon, Alan Male, Richard Manning, Janos Marffy, Josephine Martin, Annabel Milne, Sean Milne, Patrick Mulray, Richard Orr, Alex Pang,
Darren Pattenden, Liz Pepperell, Jane Pickering, Gill Platt, Maurice Pledger, Sebastian Quigley, Christine Robins, Eric Rome, Michelle Ross, Simon
Roulstone, Colin Salmon, John Searl, Pete Serjeant, Rob Shone, Clive Spong, Roger Stewart, John Temperton Grose Thurston, Graham Turner, Brian
Watson, Phil Weare, Sonia Whillock, John Woodcock, Michael Woods. Models: Celia Allen, Roby Braun, Atlas Models, Cheltenham Cutaway Exhibits
Ltd, Crystal Palace Park, London, Arril Johnson, Donks Models, Centaur Studios, Norrie Carr Model Agency, Peter Giffiths, John Holmes, Scallywags
Model Agency, Truly Scrumptious Child Model Agency.
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Big Book of

Knowledge
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Contents
Insects and
Chapter 1
Spiders 108
earth and SpaCe 8
Earth 10
Dinosaurs 132
Space 34
Chapter 2
the natural World 56 Birds 152
Mammals
186
Plant Life 58
The
Human
Sea Life
Body
84
218
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Chapter 3 Chapter 4
Our WOrld 248 SCienCe and teChnOlOgy 392
People
Science
in the
and
Past 250
Machines
394
Arts and
Entertainment
294
Food and Energy and Industry 428
Farming 320
Transportation 452
People and Places 348 Index 474
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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
It’s easy to use the Big Book of Knowledge. Start by looking at the contents
page. There you will see that the book has four chapters, which are divided
into different subject areas. Find a subject or a picture that interests you,
and turn to that page. If you can’t find what you want on the contents page,
look it up in the index at the back. This is an alphabetical list of everything
covered in the book. After each entry, there is a list of all the pages on
which that topic is mentioned.
See how the index works by looking up
BUTTERFLIES
“butterflies.” Turn to all the pages listed after HA acplopuyd eladn ydeilnlogws butterfly comes ISno mthee bbuatctekrgflrioesu nmdake a tasty meal for
in to land on a thistle. Butterfly birds. But if they are able to blend in with
the entry until you find the main page for Butterflies are perhaps the most beautiful of all flolioghkst . iTs hmeo irnes ceoctn itsr oalblelde ttoh a n it tehaeteirn b. Tachkeg oropuennd w, itnhgesy omf atyh ea vIoniddi abne ilneagf
insects. It is amazing to think that a fat, leaf-eating change course instantly and butterfly have a striking
B u Tttheirsf lpieasg seh uoswens ah epriec.t ure of that section to ccbdrauoetwteaterntupr farillenyl ad orc f ch cotrahmynes p aballeieirsct..eo TTlmyhh ecee h acca habntargenierggpdhei.t l Allhyaafr tcp’esop rbl eoaonrbdeso ydiu n,it s f tf lhobuuerto tre kreinn g mccBaaoukilllteeet ddesr uuafld piped swre ofnhebee olndsac ntnihsdo.r itTon iuhgngis sh.u isase . tube owtlihkrheaee n bnagun eitt tospe lwardfti,ltn yed grlrnsoy o.a lkBreesau fcet.l xoascetdly,
weeks, a fully formed butterfly emerges. Butterflies
tell you about some of the regular features TTihme eb uttot ewrfalyk ec oumpes 1. No alo bnegaeur taif ucal tbeurtptielrlfalyr, hanavteen cnluaeb.bed Wings open. Wresitninggs colno sleeda,f . bBurttiellrifalniets
you will find in the Big Book of Knowledge. ottobbshhpupyirrii etsddeh noesetu i frtmnos sottrg.ha e rag e ytie ttc s a hi.cs rD kvy eus arryliin s gi n cocmhcrerusy msoaiutplstil sewo dwfi ntuihtgphes. 2sithlesoto. ti Tpl lsltdtu hhrfsmoeee imtr tpbc smhu e hwd tatat hienirnnerdy fgtwle osyhn i aot.nmhupgeuars s.rws ,tt La itsnasot tga be yrlvo ei oitdn s 3hiista.s Wr rfediarhesdnetyn em d ti,oet st afh llwy eo ibfon ufngft estt ceohtr aafflirvyn.e d Wallace’s golden birdwing
Title and Introduction
Each double page deals BUTTERFLIES Happy landings In the background
A clouded yellow butterfly comes Some butterflies make a tasty meal for
wTihteh tai tdlei ftfeelrlesn yto suu bexjeacctt.l y Binusettcetrsf. lIite sis a arme pazeirnhga ptos tthhien mk othsta tb ae afuatti,f ulela off- eaallt ing lcifnolhio gathkonst g .l iaeTsn chmdoe ouo irrnnes s eace ocitnthn siittssrat olanelblt.el lyBde auttonhtt dae n r f ilty btehairetdeirns .b. BTacuhkte g iorf optuhenenbyd uw ,at titrneherge fasylb y oml ehf aattyhvo ee ab vaIlone snidtdrdi aib kninei nil newgag if t h Glass swallowtail butterfly
wtyhoheua itsn otthmroee ds ubucabtsjieioccn t gisi,v aens d ccbdwrauoeetwteeatkerntsupr ,fa riallenyl adf ourc f clh clotyrahm ynfeso p abrallmeieirsct..eeo TTdlmy hhb eceeu h atccat haebnrtargefnielrgygpdh ei.et l mAllhyaafre tcp’resogp rbel eoasonr.bdeso ydiu n,it s f tf lhobuuerto tre kreinn g mccBaaoukilllteeet ddesr uuafld piped Mswre oMfnhlBtoebioee nvouolnd saetatsc hn, tntri wh esdaocb.r h nitTheoun ediauBshtgnn st gisudo etsh.uwet rin itserfiase elnn tri .i thet fnualesei nrb eo a sedmcn r o eewom bpveeoselastre cn re,n . owtlihkrheaee n bnagun eitt tospe lwardfti,ltn yed grlrnsoy o.a lkBreesau fcet.l xoascetdly, STchael wy iwngins gosf both butterflies 88 butterfly
inBifnuosettcrBetrsmf. lIite sais Ua tarmei opaTzenirnhg a Tpatosb tthhEoien mku Rothtsta tbi Fate a.fuaLtti,f ulelIa off-E eaallt iSng TTottobbshhpupyiihrrii metsddehe noes etueb i frtmnos usotttrg.hato e trag e eytiwe trtc s fa ahi.lcs ykrD k vyec esu ouarrmylipin se gsi n 1. HAiflcnoNlhi o gacatohkpoln o ast pgl .ulo iaeyTbsdnn ecelhmgdacaodee onouu o rcyimrdr ntnhceeasii rsler fena lceuusoy c ogci talwmnsoth nsait bsu ititepbtslsurstarit luo stlanepwoeltt bdlttiwef.eilel l rynBldeturifa h ftg lauptlthyresyonht,. t dace n or f milty e s ISbtehnaioret mdteihrnse .eb. B Tbabucuhakttect g eikorfr gopftlruheioenenbsuyd u w nm,at tidtrneaherkge faesylb y oaml eh ft aatatyhvos ete ayb vaI lmone snidtderdia aib klni neif noil newgrag if t h wf2sithlCiesotor.a ti aTpsl lsrltdftltu mhhil rfsyfmhoeee ot imtr owshtpbcr csommhnu oe eohuwd tuiaaateatat htisseni,hr nh ntearadyt s fgentthnwle osoryhonded i aofrt.ynstmha heuphM N gnaoetfuaresul vtsfo.r ywsee , wertt Lrnm xa nintctsananishosltcoor tguaa bomenrtA ebyrlvo.ta.ob tmhWe i orhetit chddn ea hoh esrg efisia c r n i 1 an W,1 . 6ing3hiisst a.s oWr rpfediaerhensdnet.yn em d ti,oet st afh llwy eWro iebfons ufintgfnit esnttg ceohgstr a affcolirlvynn.oe d s le e da,f . Wallaceb’Bsu rgttioelllrdifaelnnie tbs irdwing attcapoihontrrnte eldrymo da t rmsicaoslctte toa ochsalta re, ho smnsin ss, t ea hawnaitrate ohehrt,toi ecct oogrhhor foe bv .too eeoBbvdr 1 uueerw 1itrdtsg7aolte aehrw dpenrt ifa ttl l tohyi.k, e Cramer’s blue morpho butterfly
ccbdwrauoeetwteeatkerntsupr ,fa riallenyl adf ourc f clh clotyrahm ynfeso p abrallmeieirsct..eeo TTdlmy hhb eceeu h atccat haebnrtargefnielrgygpdh ei.et l mAllhyaafre tcp’resogp rbel eoasonr.bdeso ydiu n,it s f tf lhobuuerto tre kreinn g mccBaaoukilllteeet ddesr uuafld piped swre ofnhebee olndsac ntnihsdo.r itTon iuBhgngisu sh.ut itsasee r . tfulibese owtlihkrheaee n bnagun eitt tospe lwardfti,ltn yed grlrnsoy o.a lkBreesau fcet.l xoasceCMtdly, aopstt idoonusble pages
TTihme eb uttot ewrfalyk ec oumpes 1. No alo bnegaeur taif ucal tbeurtptielrlfalyr, hanavteen cnluaeb.bed Wings open. Wresitninggs colno sleeda,f . feabButrttiuellrifalrnietes one large, exciting Glass swallowtail butterfly
ottobbshhpupyirrii etsddeh noesetu i frtmnos sottrg.ha e rag e ytie ttc s a hi.cs rD kvy esu arryliin s gi n cocmhcrerusy msoaiutplstil sewo dwfi ntuihtgphes. MMlBoinvuoeats, tr w acbhnhuedstn t do ewrin2sithlefiesot lo.n ti t iTpil lshetltdntu hhersfse moeeer oimt r a tpbcm cnsrmhu e oheewd toatma t hiebnipvrnnerdyeoe fgltwle asosyrhn c in ao t.nmehup,g e.uars s.rws ,tt La itsnasot tga be yrlvo ei oitdn s 3hiista.s Wr rfediarhesdnetyn em d ti,oet st afh llwy eo ibfon ufngft estt ceohtr aafflirvyn.e d Wpciamllaaiccep’sp tgtouolideornr betnirda.ws inAn gptl old iaenrttoa ouilusn.td T iht,e Syca ly wings 88 butterfly
ctooa tshtse oefa Nsteorrnth a Anmd wereicstae, r n will help you to look Tanhde mwointghss oafr eb coothv ebruedtt ewriftlhie s
flyt shoouutsha ntod sth oef wmaormnatrhc ohfs carefully at the picturettihne y t silceasl eosn, wa hroicohf .o Bverirglahpt like
California and Mexico. When colors can either be used to
wfirasrtm h owmeaet,h tehre rye tfulyr nnso rtoth t haegiari n . Galasns swdallo wutailn butdterfelyrstand it. aptrterdacatt oar sm tahtaet, tohre t ob uwtaternrf l y,
or moth, is not good to eat. Cramer’s blue morpho butterfly
116 117
Monarchs on the move
Mlivoes,t abnudt tderiefl iiens oanree bpolarcne, . 88 butterfly
wfCiraasrfltmil yfhot owshrcomBtnoeoouuiauae atttsst,h hh taawt seenthn or hodede efrysta enh MN sotf etulwfeo ye wrrrim xnnnntaihstc oorae omnrtAnro.t a mtdhcW rhto chwea mhohergeefisiaec sr n is t an e , .r n STattcapihontrnchteeldryaoe da t l rmsicawyslctte oia owcsnalta re ghoismnnssn s, t g ea ohawaistfrate h ehrtb,oi ecctooorhhotr fhe bv .to eeoBbbvr uuueerwirdttsgaltte aeehrwdpnrrt iff ttll l ohiyiek, s e
or moth, is not good to eat. Cramer’s blue morpho butterfly
116 117
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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Measurements
BUTTIn mEoRst cFaseLs, uInEitsS of measurement are spelHleapdpy landings In the background
out, but in some places you will come across Aint chtolo euladn edd oyne lalo twh ibstulett.e Brfulyt tceorfmlye s Sbiormdse. Bbuuttt eifr ftlhieesy maraek aeb ale t atost yb lmeneda li nfo wr ith
Butterflies are perhapfos tlhloe wmoinstg b eaabutbifruel ovfi aaltl ions. flolioghkst . iTs hmeo irnes ceoctn itsr oalblelde ttoh a n it tehaeteirn b. Tachkeg oropuennd w, itnhgesy omf atyh ea vIoniddi abne ilneagf
insects. It is amazing to think that a fat, leaf-eating change course instantly and butterfly have a striking
caterpillar can becomcem a brightl=y colocreedn, ftliumtteertinegr s make sudden landings. orange pattern. But
cbdruoewtatentur farleny d oc fch otrhmyesp aallieirst..e TTlymkhh ceemh ccaha ntagenergpdei. l Alh==aafr tp’esp rb eaonmkbdsoi yliue noitts mtfe hobruereso r tkeenr s ccBaouilllteetdder uafl pipe swr ofhebeeondsc tnihso.r tTo iuhngi shu isase . tube wtlihkheee bnaun itt tose lwrdfi,ln yd glrsoy oa lkreesa fce.lxoascetdly,
weeks, a fully formed kbumtte/hrf ly em=e rgesk.ilometers per hour Butterflies
BUTTERFLIES TTottobbshhpupyiihrrii metsddehe noes etueb i frtmnos usotttrg.hato e trag e eytiwe trtc s fa ahi.lcs ykrD k vyec esu ouarrmylipin se gsi n l 1. No alo bnegcae=ourcm thcair erf uusyc almso aitbuteplustril stepwlot diwefiil rnlttuifahtglpehyres,. rs 2sithlesoto. ti Tpl lsltdtu hhrfsmoeee imtr tpbc smhu e hwd tatat hienirnnerdy fgtwle osyhn i aot.nmhahupgnaeuars vts.rwse ,ett Lna ictsnansolt tguaa be ebyrlv.ob ei otSASeitddn o so t m omtWrariynezig,3hiiestist a.s noiWor rspfemdiaerhger nsdneti. yn eemnt d fti,ohets ast a fh llwiacy ebWro n iebfotn s ufiontgsBfgnit esnttg cxeoshgstro a aoffcoe lirlvynn.troex sd s o l e e dsas ,f t. duoogr giteehssaW taat lp leawcxpeb’Bispue lrgtltaeioel llrdrrhifae linnieime tnbs l ipr edaw nyi nbtogsou x .
HA acplopuyd eladn ydeilnlogws butterfly comes ISno mthee bbuatctekrgflrioesu nmdake a tasty meal for understand the subject better.
BUTTERBinuFsettcetrsf. LlIite sis a arIme pazeEirnhga ptosS tthhien mk othsta tb ae afuatti,f ulela off- eaallt ing Happy lanlcifnolhido gathkonist gn .l iaeTsng chmdose ouo irrnnes s eace ocitnthn siittssrat olanelblt.el lyBde auttonhtt dae n r f ilty btehairetdIeirnsn .b. B Tatcuhhkte ge iorf o ptbuhenenabyd uwc ,at tiktrnehergge fasylrb y omlo ehf auattyhvon ee ab vaIdlone snidtdrdi aib kninei nil newgag if t h
Butterflies are perhaps the most ccbdbrauoetwteeatearntupr ufarillentyl adi orfc f chu cotrahlmyn eso p abalfleiei rsct.a.eo TTllmylhh ecee h acca habntargenierggpdhei.t l Allhyaafr tcpB’esop rbl eoaonrbdeso ydiu n,it s f tUf lhobuuerto tre kreinnT g TERlAifnoli o gFcthkolost .ul iaTsdn Lehmdde om o yccBiraaonneuekilllI stele etal dcdeesor uocuaftwldE pithnped s wriite bossfrnhebt uoee ollandsaeltc bnltntiS.hesdeo l.r BidteTron iu fhg nutlgtis yosh.hut is t aasece . ntoruf bmilety e s Sbtehaioretmdeirnse .b. BTbaucuhowtlikhttkreheta gee eni bnorafgrun oeipfttt tluoshpeei lwarednenfti,lstyn dy ed wg rlmr,anso y oi.tar nlahkBreeesakuge fceates.yl xob a soacmlete fdlty , a t atyhos teHA ayb v I alcmoneplnoidpdeudiay adb l ni elnefa doil nnew ryadg eif til nhlo gws butterfly comes ISno mthee bbuatctekrgflrioesu nmdake a tasPOty mince atslu oformGr elase s C swpaaallotgwateailsl ob,u gtytesorfluy
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to the eastserpni danedr ws.estern The wings of both butterflies Wallace’s golden birdwing
coasts of North America, and moths are covered with
thousands of monarchs tiny scales, which overlap like
fly south to the warmth of the tiles on a roof. Bright
California and Mexico. When colors can either be used to
warm weather returns to their attract a mate, or to warn
first home, they fly north again. predators that the butterfly,
or moth, is not good to eat. Cramer’s blue morpho butterfly
116 117 Glass swallowtail butterfly
Glass swallowtail butterfly
Monarchs on the move
MlBivuoets, t w abhnuedtn td ewriefiln iietnes r oa cnroeem bpeolasr cn e, . MMloivnoeas,tr acbnhudst t doerinef l tiiehnse o amnreeo bpvoelarcne, . Scaly wings COlcocsaesi-o8un8p bausltltyer,f lyyou will find 88 butterfly
ctooa tshtse oefa Nsteorrnth a Anmd wereicstae, r n Btou tth we heeans twerinnt aenr dco wmeesste rn Tanhde mwointghss oafr eb coothv ebruedtt ewriftlhie s an image that showSTsch ayel owy iwungi ns gosf both butterflies
thousands of monarchs coasts of North America, tiny scales, which overlap like something in more adnde mtaotihls. are covered with
fly south to the warmth of thousands of monarchs the tiles on a roof. Bright tiny scales, which overlap like
California and Mexico. When fly south to the warmth of colors can either be used to This picture, for insthtea tnilecs eon, a roof. Bright
wfirasrtm h owmeaet,h tehre rye tfulyr nnso rtoth t haegiari n . wCaarlmifo wrneiaat haenrd r eMtuerxnisc oto. W thheeirn aptrterdacatt oar sm tahtaet, tohre t ob uwtaternrf l y, shows you what a bcauottltroatrcset craa fmnl yeait’tehs, e orr bteo uwsaerdn t o
first home, they fly north again. or moth, is not good to eat. wCrianmger ’sl oblouek mso lripkhoe b uutpter fclpylroedsaeto!rs that the butterfly,
or moth, is not good to eat. Cramer’s blue morpho butterfly
116 117
116 117
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