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668 Pages·2018·113.946 MB·English
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BIERMANN’S HANDBOOK OF PULP AND PAPER: RAW MATERIAL AND PULP MAKING THIRD EDITION Pratima Bajpai ConsultantPulp&Paper Kanpur,India Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-814240-0 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JosephP.Hayton AcquisitionEditor:KostasKIMarinakis EditorialProjectManager:MichelleW.Fisher ProductionProjectManager:MohanapriyanRajendran Designer:MarkRogers TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals “Dedicatedto mybelovedparents &family” For their love, endlesssupport, encouragement& sacrifices Contents 3.3 WoodVariation 93 Preface to the Third Edition xi 3.4 SilvicultureandWoodQuality 96 Preface to the Second Edition xiii 3.5 AnnotatedBibliography 100 Preface to the First Edition xv Exercises 103 Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations xix 4. Softwood Anatomy 1. Introduction and the Literature 4.1 GrossAnatomyofSoftwoods 105 4.2 MicroscopicAnatomyofSoftwoods 110 1.1 GlobalPulpandPaperIndustry 1 4.3 AnatomyofSoftwoodSpecies 115 1.2 IntroductiontoPulpandPaperManufacturing 4 1.3 IntroductiontotheLiterature 8 1.4 AbstractIndices 11 5. Hardwood Anatomy 1.5 TechnicalandTradeJournals 11 1.6 ReferenceBooks 12 5.1 GrossAnatomyofHardwoods 153 1.7 Textbooks 13 5.2 MicroscopicAnatomyofHardwoods 157 1.8 ChemistryReferenceBooks 15 5.3 AnatomyofHardwoodSpecies 160 1.9 OtherReferences 16 1.10 AnnotatedBibliography 16 6. Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification Exercises 17 6.1 FiberAnalysis 209 2. Wood and Fiber Fundamentals 6.2 SoftwoodFiber 211 6.3 HardwoodFiber 211 2.1 BarkandWood 19 2.2 WoodChipsandSawdust 29 2.3 WoodChipPreparationandHandlingatthe 7. Properties of Wood PulpMill 30 2.4 SolidWoodMeasurement 41 7.1 Introduction 215 2.5 WoodChipMeasurement 42 7.2 WoodStructure 215 2.6 WoodChemistry 42 7.3 WoodProperties 223 2.7 WoodandFiberPhysics 52 7.4 AnnotatedBibliography 231 2.8 PropertiesofSelectedWoodSpecies 53 2.9 NonwoodandRecycledFiberConsiderations 60 2.10 AnnotatedBibliography 66 8. Wood-Based Products and Exercises 72 Chemicals 3. Wood and FiberdGrowth and 8.1 Introduction 233 Anatomy 8.2 Processes 233 8.3 ChemicalCompositionofWood 235 3.1 Introduction 75 8.4 ChemicalsDerivedFromWood 236 3.2 SamplePreparationforIdentificationor 8.5 FuturePerspectives 245 Microscopy 89 8.6 AnnotatedBibliography 246 vii viii CONTENTS 9. Calculations of Wood, Paper, and Other 13. Pulping Calculations Materials 13.1 GeneralChemicalPulpingDefinitions 353 9.1 WoodMoistureContentandDensity 249 13.2 KraftLiquoreChemicalCalculations 354 9.2 PulpwoodMeasurement 253 13.3 KraftLiquoreChemicalAnalysis 358 9.3 TensileStrengthandBreakingLengthof 13.4 SpecificGravityandViscosityof Materials 254 KraftLiquors 361 9.4 PaperProperties 257 13.5 ImportanceofBlackLiquorpH 362 Exercises 257 13.6 KraftH-FactorandOtherProcessControl Equations 362 13.7 SulfiteLiquorCalculations 367 10. Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and 13.8 SulfiteLiquorAnalysis 370 Paper 13.9 TheChemistryofSulfur 371 13.10CalciningEquations 372 10.1 Introduction 261 13.11AnnotatedBibliography 372 10.2 PulpingMethodsforNonwoodFibers 266 Exercises 372 10.3 ConsiderationsforNonwoodFiberUse 271 10.4 UseofNonwoodPlantFibersinSpecific 14. Production of Dissolving Grade Pulp PaperandPaperboardGrades 273 10.5 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof 14.1 Introduction 375 UsingNonwoodFiberforPapermaking 274 14.2 DissolvingPulpManufacture 377 10.6 OtherFiberTypes 274 14.3 PropertiesofDissolvingPulp 386 10.7 AnnotatedBibliography 276 14.4 AnnotatedBibliography 387 11. Raw Material Preparation 15. Pulp Washing 11.1 Introduction 279 15.1 Introduction 389 11.2 WoodHandling 279 15.2 TypesofPulpWashing 390 11.3 Debarking 280 15.3 WashingEfficiencyCalculations 393 11.4 Chipping 285 15.4 WashingSystemVariables 395 11.5 ChipScreening 288 15.5 WashingEquipment 397 11.6 ChipStorage 290 15.6 UseofAdditives/ProcessingAids 401 11.7 AnnotatedBibliography 292 15.7 AnnotatedBibliography 404 12. Pulping Fundamentals 16. Pulp Cleaning, Screening, and Fractionation 12.1 IntroductiontoPulping 295 12.2 MechanicalPulping 302 16.1 Introduction 407 12.3 ChemimechanicalPulping 309 16.2 Screening 409 12.4 RelatedPulpingMethods 311 16.3 ScreenSelectionandFactorsAffecting 12.5 SemichemicalPulping 312 ScreeningPerformance 413 12.6 GeneralChemicalPulping 313 16.4 ScreenPlates 414 12.7 SodaPulping 328 16.5 CentrifugalCleaning 414 12.8 KraftPulping 328 16.6 ProcessesforPulpScreeningand 12.9 SulfitePulping 340 Cleaning 415 12.10 OtherPulpingMethods 346 16.7 Fractionation 419 12.11 MarketPulp 347 16.8 PressureScreeningVersus 12.12 AnnotatedBibliography 347 Fractionation 422 Exercises 351 16.9 AnnotatedBibliography 423 CONTENTS ix 17. Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery 21.8 PropertiesofDilutePulpSlurries, Flocculation 520 17.1 ChemicalRecovery 425 21.9 StrengthofWetFiberMats 521 17.2 PulpWashing 425 21.10 FiberPhysics 523 17.3 LiquorEvaporation 427 21.11 AnnotatedBibliography 523 17.4 RecoveryBoiler 432 Exercises 524 17.5 CookingLiquorRegenerationdTheCausticizing Process 438 22. Purification of Process Water in 17.6 AnnotatedBibliography 447 Closed-Cycle Mills Exercises 450 22.1 Introduction 527 18. Alternative Chemical Recovery 22.2 MeasurestoAchieveCloseCycle 527 22.3 MillClosureProcesses 530 Processes 22.4 PracticalandEconomicConsideration 541 22.5 AnnotatedBibliography 543 18.1 Introduction 453 18.2 AlternativeTechnologies 453 23. Fiber From Recycled Paper and 18.3 AnnotatedBibliography 461 Utilization 19. Pulp Bleaching 23.1 Introduction 547 23.2 Statistics 548 19.1 Introduction 465 23.3 RecycledFiberPreparation 550 19.2 BleachingMechanicalPulps 466 23.4 RecycledFiberRecovery 554 19.3 MeasurementofLigninContent 468 23.5 BleachingofSecondaryFiber 571 19.4 BleachingChemicalPulps 471 23.6 UsesofRecoveredPaperOtherThan 19.5 NewDevelopments 486 Papermaking 575 19.6 AnnotatedBibliography 486 23.7 AnnotatedBibliography 577 Exercises 491 Exercises 582 20. Hexenuronic Acid and Their 24. Pulp Bioprocessing Removal 24.1 Introduction 583 20.1 Introduction 493 24.2 Processes 584 20.2 SignificanceofHexenuronicAcid 493 24.3 Pulping 585 20.3 MethodsforDeterminationofHexenuronic 24.4 Depitching 588 Acid 495 24.5 Retting 590 20.4 RemovalofHexA 495 24.6 Bleaching 590 20.5 AnnotatedBibliography 502 24.7 ProductionofDissolvingPulp 595 24.8 ShivesRemoval 597 21. Bleaching and Pulp Properties 24.9 EffluentTreatment 597 24.10 AnnotatedBibliography 599 Calculations 25. Forest Biorefinery 21.1 DilutionWaterCalculations 509 21.2 ChlorineBleaching 509 25.1 Introduction 603 21.3 ChlorineDioxide 511 25.2 OpportunitiesinthePulpandPaperIndustry 606 21.4 ChemicalAnalysisofBleachingLiquorsand 25.3 BiorefineryOptions 608 ChlorineEquivalency 512 25.4 EnvironmentalImpacts 614 21.5 CanadianStandardFreenessCorrection 25.5 AnnotatedBibliography 615 Equations 514 21.6 ComputerSimulationofFiberCleaning Systems 515 Index 619 21.7 PaperMachineCalculations 519

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