Biermann’s Handbook of Pulp and Paper : Raw Material and Pulp Making.

668 Pages·2018·113.946 MB·English

by  Bajpai, Pratima

BIERMANN’S HANDBOOK
OF PULP AND PAPER:
RAW MATERIAL AND
PULP MAKING
THIRD EDITION
Pratima Bajpai
ConsultantPulp&Paper
Kanpur,India

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Contents
3.3 WoodVariation 93
Preface to the Third Edition xi
3.4 SilvicultureandWoodQuality 96
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
3.5 AnnotatedBibliography 100
Preface to the First Edition xv Exercises 103
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix 4. Softwood Anatomy
1. Introduction and the Literature
4.1 GrossAnatomyofSoftwoods 105
4.2 MicroscopicAnatomyofSoftwoods 110
1.1 GlobalPulpandPaperIndustry 1
4.3 AnatomyofSoftwoodSpecies 115
1.2 IntroductiontoPulpandPaperManufacturing 4
1.3 IntroductiontotheLiterature 8
1.4 AbstractIndices 11 5. Hardwood Anatomy
1.5 TechnicalandTradeJournals 11
1.6 ReferenceBooks 12 5.1 GrossAnatomyofHardwoods 153
1.7 Textbooks 13 5.2 MicroscopicAnatomyofHardwoods 157
1.8 ChemistryReferenceBooks 15 5.3 AnatomyofHardwoodSpecies 160
1.9 OtherReferences 16
1.10 AnnotatedBibliography 16
6. Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification
Exercises 17
6.1 FiberAnalysis 209
2. Wood and Fiber Fundamentals
6.2 SoftwoodFiber 211
6.3 HardwoodFiber 211
2.1 BarkandWood 19
2.2 WoodChipsandSawdust 29
2.3 WoodChipPreparationandHandlingatthe 7. Properties of Wood
PulpMill 30
2.4 SolidWoodMeasurement 41 7.1 Introduction 215
2.5 WoodChipMeasurement 42 7.2 WoodStructure 215
2.6 WoodChemistry 42 7.3 WoodProperties 223
2.7 WoodandFiberPhysics 52 7.4 AnnotatedBibliography 231
2.8 PropertiesofSelectedWoodSpecies 53
2.9 NonwoodandRecycledFiberConsiderations 60
2.10 AnnotatedBibliography 66 8. Wood-Based Products and
Exercises 72 Chemicals
3. Wood and FiberdGrowth and 8.1 Introduction 233
Anatomy 8.2 Processes 233
8.3 ChemicalCompositionofWood 235
3.1 Introduction 75 8.4 ChemicalsDerivedFromWood 236
3.2 SamplePreparationforIdentificationor 8.5 FuturePerspectives 245
Microscopy 89 8.6 AnnotatedBibliography 246
vii
viii CONTENTS
9. Calculations of Wood, Paper, and Other 13. Pulping Calculations
Materials
13.1 GeneralChemicalPulpingDefinitions 353
9.1 WoodMoistureContentandDensity 249 13.2 KraftLiquoreChemicalCalculations 354
9.2 PulpwoodMeasurement 253 13.3 KraftLiquoreChemicalAnalysis 358
9.3 TensileStrengthandBreakingLengthof 13.4 SpecificGravityandViscosityof
Materials 254 KraftLiquors 361
9.4 PaperProperties 257 13.5 ImportanceofBlackLiquorpH 362
Exercises 257 13.6 KraftH-FactorandOtherProcessControl
Equations 362
13.7 SulfiteLiquorCalculations 367
10. Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and
13.8 SulfiteLiquorAnalysis 370
Paper 13.9 TheChemistryofSulfur 371
13.10CalciningEquations 372
10.1 Introduction 261 13.11AnnotatedBibliography 372
10.2 PulpingMethodsforNonwoodFibers 266 Exercises 372
10.3 ConsiderationsforNonwoodFiberUse 271
10.4 UseofNonwoodPlantFibersinSpecific 14. Production of Dissolving Grade Pulp
PaperandPaperboardGrades 273
10.5 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof 14.1 Introduction 375
UsingNonwoodFiberforPapermaking 274 14.2 DissolvingPulpManufacture 377
10.6 OtherFiberTypes 274 14.3 PropertiesofDissolvingPulp 386
10.7 AnnotatedBibliography 276 14.4 AnnotatedBibliography 387
11. Raw Material Preparation 15. Pulp Washing
11.1 Introduction 279 15.1 Introduction 389
11.2 WoodHandling 279 15.2 TypesofPulpWashing 390
11.3 Debarking 280 15.3 WashingEfficiencyCalculations 393
11.4 Chipping 285 15.4 WashingSystemVariables 395
11.5 ChipScreening 288 15.5 WashingEquipment 397
11.6 ChipStorage 290 15.6 UseofAdditives/ProcessingAids 401
11.7 AnnotatedBibliography 292 15.7 AnnotatedBibliography 404
12. Pulping Fundamentals 16. Pulp Cleaning, Screening, and
Fractionation
12.1 IntroductiontoPulping 295
12.2 MechanicalPulping 302 16.1 Introduction 407
12.3 ChemimechanicalPulping 309 16.2 Screening 409
12.4 RelatedPulpingMethods 311 16.3 ScreenSelectionandFactorsAffecting
12.5 SemichemicalPulping 312 ScreeningPerformance 413
12.6 GeneralChemicalPulping 313 16.4 ScreenPlates 414
12.7 SodaPulping 328 16.5 CentrifugalCleaning 414
12.8 KraftPulping 328 16.6 ProcessesforPulpScreeningand
12.9 SulfitePulping 340 Cleaning 415
12.10 OtherPulpingMethods 346 16.7 Fractionation 419
12.11 MarketPulp 347 16.8 PressureScreeningVersus
12.12 AnnotatedBibliography 347 Fractionation 422
Exercises 351 16.9 AnnotatedBibliography 423
CONTENTS ix
17. Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery 21.8 PropertiesofDilutePulpSlurries,
Flocculation 520
17.1 ChemicalRecovery 425 21.9 StrengthofWetFiberMats 521
17.2 PulpWashing 425 21.10 FiberPhysics 523
17.3 LiquorEvaporation 427 21.11 AnnotatedBibliography 523
17.4 RecoveryBoiler 432 Exercises 524
17.5 CookingLiquorRegenerationdTheCausticizing
Process 438 22. Purification of Process Water in
17.6 AnnotatedBibliography 447 Closed-Cycle Mills
Exercises 450
22.1 Introduction 527
18. Alternative Chemical Recovery 22.2 MeasurestoAchieveCloseCycle 527
22.3 MillClosureProcesses 530
Processes
22.4 PracticalandEconomicConsideration 541
22.5 AnnotatedBibliography 543
18.1 Introduction 453
18.2 AlternativeTechnologies 453
23. Fiber From Recycled Paper and
18.3 AnnotatedBibliography 461
Utilization
19. Pulp Bleaching 23.1 Introduction 547
23.2 Statistics 548
19.1 Introduction 465 23.3 RecycledFiberPreparation 550
19.2 BleachingMechanicalPulps 466 23.4 RecycledFiberRecovery 554
19.3 MeasurementofLigninContent 468 23.5 BleachingofSecondaryFiber 571
19.4 BleachingChemicalPulps 471 23.6 UsesofRecoveredPaperOtherThan
19.5 NewDevelopments 486 Papermaking 575
19.6 AnnotatedBibliography 486 23.7 AnnotatedBibliography 577
Exercises 491 Exercises 582
20. Hexenuronic Acid and Their 24. Pulp Bioprocessing
Removal
24.1 Introduction 583
20.1 Introduction 493 24.2 Processes 584
20.2 SignificanceofHexenuronicAcid 493 24.3 Pulping 585
20.3 MethodsforDeterminationofHexenuronic 24.4 Depitching 588
Acid 495 24.5 Retting 590
20.4 RemovalofHexA 495 24.6 Bleaching 590
20.5 AnnotatedBibliography 502 24.7 ProductionofDissolvingPulp 595
24.8 ShivesRemoval 597
21. Bleaching and Pulp Properties 24.9 EffluentTreatment 597
24.10 AnnotatedBibliography 599
Calculations
25. Forest Biorefinery
21.1 DilutionWaterCalculations 509
21.2 ChlorineBleaching 509
25.1 Introduction 603
21.3 ChlorineDioxide 511
25.2 OpportunitiesinthePulpandPaperIndustry 606
21.4 ChemicalAnalysisofBleachingLiquorsand
25.3 BiorefineryOptions 608
ChlorineEquivalency 512
25.4 EnvironmentalImpacts 614
21.5 CanadianStandardFreenessCorrection
25.5 AnnotatedBibliography 615
Equations 514
21.6 ComputerSimulationofFiberCleaning
Systems 515 Index 619
21.7 PaperMachineCalculations 519