Bibliography Of Acoustic Seabed Classification

131 Pages·2005·1.11 MB·English

1
A Bibliography of Acoustic Seabed Classification

L.J. Hamilton(1)(2)

(1) Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)
PO Box 44, Pyrmont, NSW 2009, Australia
Email: [email protected]

(2) CRC For Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management

Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................................................3
Introduction..............................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................3
Acoustic Seabed Classification................................................................................................4
Scientific & Technical Papers On The Use Of Roxann From The Stenmar Website........45
Papers Mostly Dealing With Roxann From The Sonavision Website...............................50
Multibeam..............................................................................................................................55
Parametric Arrays..................................................................................................................77
Sidescan Sonar.......................................................................................................................79
Sub Bottom Profiling...........................................................................................................102
References Not Incorporated Into Main Document.............................................................103
NATO SACLANTCEN Conference on High Frequency Acoustics in Shallow-
Water, Lerici, Italy, 30 June to 4 July, 1997....................................................................103
Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, 1998...............106
Selected abstracts from ECUA 2000................................................................................107
OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition..................................................114
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering Special Issue 2002...............................................117
GAC Special Session SS8: Geology of Marine Habitat - Oral Presentations..................119
GAC Special Session SS8: Geology of Marine Habitat - Poster Presentations...............120
ISACS Reports.................................................................................................................121
Colloque "Caractérisation in-situ des fonds marins"........................................................128

2
Abstract

This bibliography lists references to papers, reports, abstracts and proceedings dealing with
seabed classification or habitat mapping using acoustic techniques. Classification of seabed
type may be made by using conventional single beam echosounders, or by technically more
complex swathe sidescan and multibeam sonars. The systems process acoustic echoes from the
seabed stimulated by sonar pings to produces estimates of seabed type and bottom backscatter.
A few references are included for parametric systems and sub-bottom profilers. Papers deal
with all facets of seabed acoustics, including theory and techniques, but the bulk of the
references report empirical calibration and mapping results.

Introduction

This document lists papers dealing with acoustic seabed classification, for normal incidence
systems using conventional single beam echosounders, and for multibeam and sidescan swathe
sonar systems. A few references on parametric systems and sub-bottom profiling are also
included. Acoustic bottom classifiers process the return echoes received by echosounders or
sonars to make an estimation of seabed type e.g. mud, sand, gravel, rock; or alternatively, of
habitat characteristics. The bibliography is unannotated, and papers have not been scanned for
relevance or scientific content. Although merely a bare listing, the scope covered by the
references should be useful to those seeking information about acoustic bottom classification,
or on habitation classification methods for single beam, sidescan and multibeam sonar systems.
Publications cover the gamut of underwater acoustics, biology, geology, signal processing,
computing, visualization, and engineering. The use of acoustics for seabed mapping is
increasingly popular, and has spawned a growing number of papers, but is still an active field of
research.

Acknowledgements

CSIRO Marine Laboratories Australia provided some references. Some others were obtained
from the web published document: Kvitek, R., Iampietro, P., Sandoval, E., Castleton, M., Bretz,
C., Manouki, T. and Green, A. (1999). ‘Early Implementation of Nearshore Ecosystem
Database Project. Final Report. Task 2: Habitat metadata catalog. Task 3: Review of
procedures, protocols, technologies and providers for nearshore marine habitat mapping’. SIVA
Resource Centre, Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy, California State University,
Monterey Bay 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA. 131pp.
[http://seafloor.Monterey.edu/~cahabmap/html%202%20web/finalreport.htm]

3
Acoustic Seabed Classification

Acoustic Seabed Classification

Ainslie, M.A. (2005). The effect of centimetre scale impedance layering on the normal-incidence
seabed reflection coefficient. Boundary influences in high frequency, shallow water
acoustics University of Bath, UK 5th-9th September 2005.
[http://acoustics2005.bath.ac.uk/Abstracts/abstracts.html]
Alexandrou, D. and Pantzartzis, D. (1993). A methodology for acoustic seafloor classification.
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 18(2): 81-86, Apr 1993.
Altenburg, R.A., K.W. Rehnn, and N.P. Chotiros. (1995). Sediment Classification and
Bathymetry Data Acquired from the AN/UQN-4 Depth Sounder in Support of MTEDS.
Austin, TX: University of Texas, Austin, Applied Research Laboratories, 25 October 1995.
55p.
Anderson, A., Butzi L., Lyons A., Abegg F., and Orsi T. (1994). Modelling acoustic interaction
with as gassy seafloor including examples from Eckernförde Bay. Gassy Mud Workshop,
90-94.
Anderson, A.L., Abegg, F., Hawkins, J.A., Duncan, M.E. and Lyons, A.P. (1998). Bubble
populations and acoustic interaction with the gassy floor of Eckernförde Bay. Continental
Shelf Research, 18(14-15): 1807-1838.
Anderson A. L., Lyons A. P., Abegg F., Duncan M. E., Hawkins J. A. and Weitz R. A. (1995).
Modeling acoustic volume scattering by a bubbly mud seafloor with examples from
Eckernförde Bay. Workshop Modelling Methane-Rich Sediments of Eckernförde Bay,
243-245.
Anderson, J.T. (2001). Classification of marine habitats using submersible and acoustic seabed
techniques. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations, Alaska Sea Grant
College Program, AK-SG-01-02.
Anderson, J.T., Gregory R.S. and Collins W.T. (2002). Acoustic classification of marine habitats
in coastal Newfoundland. ICES Journal of Marine Science, February 2002, vol. 59, iss. 1,
pp. 156-167. [QTC]
Andrieux, N., Delachartre P., Vray D., Gimenez G. and Dziedzic A. (1995). Lake-bottom
recognition using a wideband sonar system and time frequency analysis. J. Acoust. Soc.
Am., 98(1) p.552-559.
Anon (1995). Mapping fresh-water sediments with an acoustic bottom-discrimination system.
Lake and Reservoir Management.
Anonymous (1995). Automatic Detection and Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation - the
SAV Early Warning System (SAVEWS) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station Information Package, Vicksburg, MS. 3pp
Applied Physics Laboratory (1984). APL-UW-8407. Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, Seattle.
Applied Physics Laboratory (1989). High Frequency Ocean Environmental Acoustic Models.
Technical Report APL-UW TR-8907, November 1989. Applied Physics Laboratory,
University of Washington, Seattle.
Applied Physics Laboratory (1994). APL-UW High Frequency Ocean Environmental Acoustic
Models Handbook. Technical Report APL-UW TR-9407, October 1994. Applied Physics
Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle.
4
Acoustic Seabed Classification
Aquatic Services Unit. (1998). Distribution of maerl beds in Irish waters and their potential for
sustainable extraction-mapping using the RoxAnn system. Irish Hydrodata Limited,
Bellygarvan, Cork.
Auster, P.J., C. Michalopoulos, R. Robertson, P.C. Valentine, K. Joy, and V. Cross. (1998). Use
of acoustic methods for classification and monitoring of seafloor habitat complexity:
description of approaches, in N.W. Munro and J.H.M. Willison (eds), Linking Protected
Areas with Working Landscapes, Conserving Biodiversity. Science and Management of
Protected Areas Association, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, pp 186-197.
Baffi, S.T., R.H. Wilkens, M.D. Richardson, S.S. Fu and S.R. Griffin. In situ acoustic dispersion
in shallow carbonate sands, 20-100 kHz. Submitted Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America.
Baker, A.C., Anastasiadis, K. and Humphrey, V.F. (1988). The non-linear pressure field of a
plane circular piston: theory and experiment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,
1988, 84 (4), pp.1483-1487.
Bakiera, D. and Stepnowski, A. (1996). Method of the sea bottom classification with a division
of the first echo signal. Proceedings of the XIIIth Symposium on Hydroacoustics, Gdynia-
Jurata, 55-60.
Bates, C.R. and Whitehead, E.J. (2001). ECHOplus measurements in Hopavagen Bay, Norway.
The Oceanography Society, Biennial Scientific Meeting, April 2001.
Bates, R., Davies, J. and B. Foster-Smith. (2001). Using seabed visualisations from acoustic
systems to support the monitoring and management of marine protected areas. [AGDS,
bathymetric sidescan] [www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sgg/
personal/crblink/web/marine/sut.pdf]
Bax, N.J., R.J. Kloser, A. Williams, K. Gowlett-Holmes and T. Ryan. (1999). Seafloor habitat
definition for spatial management in fisheries: a case study on the contintental shelf of
south east Australia using acoustic and biotic assemblages. Oceanologica Acta 22(6), 705-
719.
Beaudoin, J.D., J.V. Gardner, and J.E. Hughes Clarke. (2002). Bathymetry and acoustic
backscatter of selected areas of the outer continental shelf, northwestern Gulf of Mexico,
pp. 34, US Geological Survey, 2002. Report
Bennett, R.H., H. Li, M.D. Richardson, P. Fleischer, D.N. Lambert, D.J. Walter, K.B. Briggs,
C.R. Rein, W.B. Sawyer, F.S. Carniaggo, D.C. Young and S.G. Tooma. (1992).
Geoacoustic and geological characterization of surficial marine sediments by in situ probe
and remote sensing techniques. In: R.G. Geyer (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Geophysical
Exploration At Sea, 2nd Edition, Hydrocarbons. CRC Press, Baca Raton, FL.
Bentley, S.J. and M.D. Richardson. (2000). Biogenic influences on sediment porosity and shear
strength of the shallow seabed: results from long-term meocosm study. Ocean Sciences
Meeting in San Antonio. (Submitted Marine Geology. <2001>)
Bentley, S.J., M.D. Richardson and K.B. Briggs. (1999). Modeling Bioturbation: Biological
influences on physical properties in the shallow seabed. Journal of the Mississippi
Academy of Science, 44: 82.
Bergem, O., E. Pouliquen, G. Canepa, N.G. Pace. (1997). Time-evolution modeling of seafloor
scatter: Experimental verification, SACLANTCEN Report 1997.
Bergem, O., E.Pouliquen, G.Canepa, N.G. Pace. (1999). 'Time evolution modelling of seafloor
scatter Part 2: Experimental evaluation', J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 105, No,6, pp.3142-3150,
1999.
5
Acoustic Seabed Classification
Bergem O., Pouliquen E. and Pace N.G. (1997). The effect of source movement on shallow
water bottom backscatter. In: High frequency acoustics in shallow water, Lerici, Italy, June
30-July 4 1997. Editors Pace N. G. et al., NATO SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, p.
25-30.
Berkson, J. and Matthews, J. (1984). Statistical characterization of seafloor roughness. IEEE
Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Volume 9, Issue 1, Jan 1984, Page(s):48 – 52.
Berntsen, B., O. Bergem, E. Pouliquen, N.G. Pace, "Preliminary studies of seafloor
characterization using BORIS simulations", SACLANTCEN report, 1997.
Berry, M.V. (1973). The statistical properties of echoes diffracted from rough surfaces. Proc
Royal Society Vol 273A, 611-654, 1973.
Bibee, L.D., Vaughan, W.C., Avera, W.E. (2002). Sediment Classification Using Fleet Sonars.
5th Intl. Symposium on Technology and The Mine Problem. 21-25 April, 2002. Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
Biffard, B., Ross Chapman, Steve Bloomer and Jon Preston. (2005). Single beam seabed
classification: direct methods of classification and the problem of slope.
[http://acoustics2005.bath.ac.uk/Abstracts/abstracts.html]
[Generally, there are three categories of single beam acoustic seabed classification methods: acoustic impedance
measurements, statistical segmentation of echo types and inversion of acoustic field data. The most commercially
successful method is segmentation, because of cost and robustness to different echosounder systems and seabed types.
The disadvantage of segmentation is it requires extensive ground-truthing. Since virtually all seabed sediment properties
can be related by empirical regression relations, a simple direct acoustic measure of any single seabed property would
be useful as a classification method. However, since are uniqueness and resolution issues with any single measure, a
combination of measures would yield the best classification results. In this paper, we consider a different category in
which physical properties of the seabed, such as attenuation, relief spectrum, etc, are measured directly. This approach
uses the same cost-effective apparatus as used in conventional segmentation applications like QTC VIEW, RoxAnn, etc,
but without the need for ground-truthing. We describe results for sea bed classification with a method that relates echo
duration to sediment attenuation. The data utilized in our study include modelled echo time series, and field data from
two British Columbia coastal fjords (one with wood debris), a river and a ROV-based gas hydrate survey. The method
effectively compensates for the effects of water depth and seabed slope, which can introduce serious problems for
conventional segmentation methods. Our analysis shows that slope lengthens echo time series up to 10 times, and biases
bathymetry up to an error of 5%. The experimental results include comparisons of classifications derived from our new
method to those from commercial segmentation methods]
Bjorno, L., J.S., Papadakis, P.J. Papadakis, J. Sageloli, J.P. Sessarego, S. Sun and M.I.
Taroudakis. (1994). Identification of seabed data from acoustic reflections: theory and
experiment, Acta Acoustica, vol 2, pp 359-374, October 1994.
Blondel, P., P. McCloghrie, Pace, N.G. G.J. Heald, R. Brothers. (2002). High-frequency bistatic
bottom scattering: Modelling and experimental studies, in Proceedings of the Sixth
European Conference on Underwater Acoustics ECUA-2002, Gdansk, Poland, 2002.
Blondel, P. (2002). Seabed classification at continental margins. 19 pp., in Ocean Margin
Systems, G. Wefer, B. Jorgensen, M. Schluter, T. van Weering, D. Billett (eds), Springer
Verlag, 2002
Blondel, P., M. Cosci, P. Dobbins, N. Jayasundere; Bistatic Sonars – Theory, Applications and
Potential for Underwater Archaeology, 8 pp., Proc. First Internal Congress on the
Application of Recent Advances in Underwater Detection and Survey Techniques to
Underwater Archaeology, T. Akal, R.D. Ballard, G.F. Bass (eds), May 2004 (in press).
Blondel, P., Pace, N.G., G.J. Heald, R. Brothers. (2001). "High-frequency bistatic scattering:
comparison of tank and sea experiments", Proc. of the Institute of Acoustics (T. Leighton
et al., eds.), vol. 23, 2001.
Bloomer, S.F., Mosher, D.C., Collins, W.T. and Preston, J.M. (2001). Statistical approaches to
sea floor and subbottom classification of acoustic data. Abstract. The Geology of Marine
6
Acoustic Seabed Classification
Habitat, a special symposium at the GAC/MAC meeting, St. John’s, Newfoundland. May
27-31, 2001. Sponsored by the Marine Geosciences Division (MGSD) of the Geological
Association of Canada.
Boehme, H., Chotiros, N.P. (1988). Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the
ocean bottom. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, pp. 1018-1029, 1988.
Boehme, H., Chotiros, N.P., Churay, N.D. (1985). Bottom acoustic backscattering at low grazing
angles in shallow water. Part I. Bottom backscattering strength. Proc. Inst. Acoust. 7 (Pt.
3), pp. 19-26, 1985.
Boehme, H., Chotiros, N.P., Rolleigh, L.D., Pitt, S.P., Garcia, A.L., Goldsberry, T.G., Lamb,
R.A. (1985). Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the ocean bottom. I.
Bottom backscattering strength. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, pp. 962-974, 1985.
Borgeld, J.C., Hughes Clarke, J.E., Goff, J.A., Mayer, L.A. and Curtis, J.A. (1997). Acoustic
backscatter of the 1995 flood deposit on the Eel River shelf: Marine Geology, submitted.
Bornhold, B.D., Collins, W.T., Harper, J.R., Currie, R.G. and Olynyk, H. (1997). A
Multiparameter Approach to Nearshore Seabed Mapping - Case Studies from British
Columbia, Canada., Abstract, Marine Benthic Habitats Conference, Noumea, New
Caledonia, 10-16 November, 1997.
Bornhold, B.D., W. Collins and L. Yamanaka. (1999). Comparison of seabed characterization
using sidescan sonar and acoustic classification technique. Proc. Canadian Coastal
Conference 1999, 15pp.
Bornhold, B., R. Currie, D. Fox, J. Golden, H. Olynyk and D. Johnson. (1996). Habitat mapping
southern Oregon continental shelf. p. 27-33. In: T. Curran (Editor). Proceedings of the
Ocean Feature Classification Workshop. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British
Columbia, May 3, 1996
Boyle, F.A., N.P. Chotiros, Pace, N.G. O. Bergem, E. Michelozzi, E. Pouliquen. (1996).
Analysis of broadband echo soundings over a gassy seabed, 3rd Joint Meeting Acoust. Soc.
Amer. & Japan, Oct 1996
Boyle, F.A., N.P. Chotiros, Pace, N.G. O. Bergem. E. Pouliquen. (1997). An analysis of
broadband echo sounder data over a gassy seabed, NATO SACLANTCEN Conf, "High
Frequency Acoustics in Shallow water, Lerici, Italy, June 30-July 4 1997, p49-56.
Boyle, F.A., N.P. Chotiros, Pace, N.G. O. Bergem, E. Pouliquen. (1997). An investigation of
seabed penetration and scattering via broadband echo soundings, 133rd Meeting
Acoust.Soc.Amer. May 1997.
Bozzano R. and Siccardi A. (1997). A high frequency approach for seabed vegetation
characterization. In: High frequency acoustics in shallow water. Editors Pace N. G. et al.,
NATO SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, p.57-64.
Brandes, H.G., A.J. Silva and D.J. Walter. (2002). Geo-acoustic characterization of a calcareous
seabed in the Florida Keys. Marine Geology, 182(1-2): 77-102.
Brekhovskikh, L. and Lysanov, Y. (1982). Fundamentals of ocean acoustics. Ed. L. Felsen.
Springer Series in Electrophysics Volume 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Breslin, J.J. (). Applications of seabed mapping using the RoxAnn hydroacoustic processor for
fisheries development and environmental monitoring.
[www.ices.dk/reports/asc/papers.htm]
Briggs, K.B. (1994). High Frequency Acoustic Scattering from Sediment Interface Roughness
and Volume Inhomogeneities. Final report. Stennis Space Center, MS: Naval Research
7
Acoustic Seabed Classification
Laboratory Detachment, 5 December 1994. 156p.
Briggs, K.B. (1998). Spatial heterogeneity of acoustic bottom backscattering model parameters
and predicted results. Journal of Acoustical Society of America. 104: 1812.
Briggs, K.B. (2002). Empirical relationships among sediment properties and acoustic properties
of the Continental Shelf sea floor. 143rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America 03-
07 June, 2002, Pittsburgh, PA. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 111; in press.
Briggs, K.B., D.R. Jackson, and S. Stanic. (1999). The influence of sub-centimeter-scale seafloor
roughness on measured and predicted high-frequency acoustic backscattering strength.
Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 105: 1079.
Briggs, K.B., D.L.Lavoie, K.Stephens, M.D. Richardson and Y. Furukawa. (1996). Physical and
geoacoustic properties of sediments collected for the Key West campaign, February 1995:
a data report. NRL Memorandum Report NRL/MR/7431--96-2002: 00 pp.
Briggs, K.B., Lavoie, D.L., Williams, K. (2002). The effects of sediment structure on
geoacoustic properties. Marine Geology, Vol 182, 1-2.
Briggs, K.B., Anthony P. Lyons, Kevin L. Williams, M.D. Richardson, and Darrell R. Jackson.
(2001). Effects of changing roughness on acoustics scattering: (1) natural changes, pp.
375-3882. In: T.G. Leighton, G.J. Heald, H.D. Griffiths and G. Griffiths (Eds.) Acoustical
Oceanography, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 23 Part 2.
Briggs, K.B. and D.B. Percival. (1997). Vertical porosity and velocity fluctuations in shallow-
water surficial sediments and their use in modeling volume scattering. In, Pace, N.G. E.
Pouliquen, O. Bergem, and A.P. Lyons (eds.), High frequency acoustics in shallow water,
NATO SACLANT Undersea Research Center, La Spezia, Italy, pp. 65-73.
Briggs, K.B. and R.I. Ray. (1997). Seafloor roughness power spectra: Trends and implications
for high-frequency acoustic modeling. In, R. Zhang and J. Zhou (eds.), Shallow-Water
Acoustics, 21-25 April 1997, Beijing, China, China Ocean Press, pp. 347-352.
Briggs, K.B. and M.D. Richardson. (1994). In situ and laboratory sediment geoacoustic
measurements in Eckernförde Bay sediments, pp. 39-46. In: Wever, T.F. (ed), Proceedings
of a Gassy Mud Workshop held at the FWG, Kiel, Germany, 11-12 July 1994. FWG Report
14.
Briggs, K.B. and M.D. Richardson. (1995). Geoacoustic and physical properties of carbonate
sediments from the Key West Campaign. SEPM Congress on Sedimentary Geology, St.
Petersburg, FL, 13-16 Aug. 1995, p. 33.
Briggs, K.B. and M.D. Richardson. (1996). Preservation of surficial gradients of sediment
porosity and shear strength in successive flood deposits off the Eel River, Northern
California. Eos, 77: F316-317.
Briggs, K.B. and M.D. Richardson. (1996). Small-scale fluctuations in physical properties in
surficial carbonate sediments. EOS 76: OS172.
Briggs, K.B. and Richardson, M.D. (1997). Small-scale fluctuations in acoustic and physical
properties in surficial carbonate sediments and their relationship to bioturbation. Geo-
Marine Letters, (17): 306-315.
Briggs, K.B. and M.D. Richardson. (2002). Sediment properties, grain size distributions, and
acoustic scattering from the sea floor. EOS 83: OS86.
Briggs, K.B., M.D. Richardson and S.J. Bentley. (1998). Permeability of successive flood
deposits off the Eel River, Northern California: Effects of bioturbation. Eos, 79: O34-35.
Briggs, K.B., M.D. Richardson, K.L. Williams and E. Thorsos. (1998). Measurement of grain
8
Acoustic Seabed Classification
bulk modulus using sound speed measurements through liquid/grain suspensions Journal
of the Acoustical Society of America, 104: 1788.
Briggs, K.B. and S. Stanic. (1998). High-frequency bottom backscattering from a homogeneous
seabed, Journal of Acoustical Society of America 103: 3061.
Briggs, K.B. and D. Tang. (2002). Assessing the sediment volume contribution to scattering:
bulk density fluctuations. Oceans ’02 MTS/IEEE Conference. 28-31 Oct., (CD) 2093-2097.
Briggs, K.B., Tang, D. (2003). Assessing the sediment volume contribution to scattering in
SAX99 sediment: Sound-speed fluctuations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
113(4) Pt. 2: 2319.
Briggs, K.B., K.L. Williams, D.R. Jackson, C.D. Jones, A.N. Ivakin and T.H. Orsi. (2002). Fine-
scale sedimentary structure: implications for acoustic remote sensing. Marine Geology,
182(1-2): 141-159.
Briggs, K.B., Williams, K.L., and Lavoie, D.L. (2002). The effects of sediment structure on
geoacoustic properties. Marine Geology, 182(1-2): 1-2.
Briggs K.B, Williams K.L., Richardson M.D., Jackson D.R. Effects of changing roughness on
acoustic scattering: (1) natural changes.
Brill, M.H., Zabal, X. and S.L. Adams. (1984). Time spread of acoustic signals reflecting from a
fixed rough boundary. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America -- April 1984 --
Volume 75, Issue 4, pp. 1062-1070.
Broffey, M. (1996). A study of coastal processes and material transportation at Kingsdown,
Kent. Dept. of Ocean Sciences, University of Plymouth, Year 3 Dissertation. [RoxAnn]
[Referenced by Hull and Nunny 1998]
Brown, C.J., Cooper, K.M., Meadows, W.J., Limpenny, D.S. and Rees, H.L. (2000). An
assessment of two acoustic techniques as a means of mapping seabed assemblages in the
Eastern English Channel. CM 2000/T:02 Theme Session on Classification and Mapping of
Marine Habitats. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
Brown, C.J, Hewer, A.J., Meadows, W.J., Limpenny, D.S., Cooper, K.M., Rees, H.L. and
Vivian, C.M.G. (2001). Mapping of gravel biotopes and an examination of the factors
controlling the distribution, type and diversity of their biological communities. Science
Series Technical Report Number 114, CEFAS Lowestoft , 43pp.
Brown, C.J., Meadows, W.J., Foster-Smith, R,L., White, W., Cooper, K.M., Hewer, A.J.,
Limpenny, D.S. and Rees, H.L. (2001). High resolution mapping of seabed habitats and
assemblages, Hastings Shingle Bank, Eastern English Channel, using a combination of
acoustic and biological sampling techniques. (Abstract) GAC-MAC Joint Annual meeting,
St. John's, Newfoundland. Abstracts Volume 26.
Brown, C., Mitchell, A., Limpenny, D., Robertson, M., Service, M., Golding, N. (2004).
Mapping seabed habitats in the Firth of Lorn, west coast of Scotland : Evaluation and
comparison of biotope maps produced using the acoustic ground discrimination system,
RoxAnn, and sidescan sonar. Geohab 2004.
Bryant, W.B., N.C. Slowey, and D.N. Lambert. (1995). Geotechnical and geoacoustic
stratigraphy of the Dry Tortugas. The 1st SEPM Congress on Sedimentary Geology
"Linked Earth Systems", Aug. 13-16, 1995, St. Petersberg Beach, FL. Abstract and poster
presentation.
Buckingham, M.J. (1997). Theory of acoustic attenuation, dispersion, and pulse propagation in
unconsolidated granular materials including marine sediments. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 102(5), Pt. 1,2579-2596.
9
Acoustic Seabed Classification
Burczynski, J. (1999). Bottom classification. BioSonics Inc., 4027 Leary Way NW, Seattle WA
98107, USA. [See http://www.biosonicsinc.com/product_pages/vbt_classifier.html]
Burns D.R., Queen C.B., Chivers R.C. (1985). An ultrasonic signal processor for use in
underwater acoustics. Ultrasonics 23, 189-191.
Burns D.R., Queen C.B., Sisk H., Mullarkey W. and Chivers R.C. (1989). Rapid and convenient
acoustic sea-bed discrimination for fisheries applications. Proceedings of the Institute of
Acoustics, Vol 11, Part 3, 169-178.
Caddell, S.E. (1998). Application of an acoustic seafloor classification system for benthic habitat
assessment. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(5), 1459-1461.
Canepa, G., Bergem, O. and E. Pouliquen. (). The implementation of BORIS-3D: Bottom
Response from Inhomogeneities and Surface. Version 1.01. SACLANTCEN M-125.
151pp.
Caruthers, J.W. and C.A. Fisher. (2002). Remote sensing classification using acoustical
techniques. Final report for task 5, FY 01. University of Southern Mississippi. [List of
commercially available acoustical classification equipment]
Caughey, D.A. and R.L. Kirlin (1996). Blind Deconvolution of Echo Sounder Envelopes.
Presented ICASS 96. 1996 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
Processing, page 3150. May 7-10. 1996. Marriott Marquis Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Signal Processing Society.
Caughey D., Prager B., and Klymak J. (1994). Sea Bottom Classification from Echo Sounding
Data. Contractor's Report 94-56 prepared for Defence Research Establishment Pacific,
Canada. Document number SC93-019-FR-001, Quester Tangent Corporation, Marine
Technology Centre, 99-9865 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 3S1,
Canada. 35pp
Chakraborty B. (1989). Effects of scattering due to seafloor microrelief on a multifrequency-
sonar seabed profiler. JASA 85(4), 1478-1481.
Chakraborty B. (2002). Application of model and model free techniques for acoustic backscatter
bases seafloor classification. Multibeam User Conference 2002, Kiel, Germany.
Chakraborty B. (2002). A neural network based seafloor classification using acoustic
backscatter. Advances in soft computing - AFSS 2002. 2nd ed.. eds. by: Pal, N.R.; Sugeno,
M.(2002 AFSS Int. Conf. on Fuzzy Systems; Calcutta; India; 3-6 Feb 2002). (Lecture
Notes in Computer Science Artificial Intelligence; 2275). Springer-Verlag; Berlin,
Heidelberg; 2002; 245-250.
Chakraborty, B., Kaustubha, R., Hegde, A., Pereira, A. (2001). Acoustic seafloor sediment
classification using self-organizing feature maps. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.:
39(12); 2001; 2722-2725.
Chakraborty, B., Mahale, V., DeSouza, C., Das, P. (2004). Seafloor classification using echo-
waveforms: A method employing hybrid neural network architecture. IEEE Geosci.
Remote Sens. Lett.: 1(3); 2004; 196-200.
Chakraborty, B.; Pathak, D. (1993). Studies on sound signal scattering from varying seabed
sediments of the western continental shelf of India: Cochin to Mangalore. Proceedings of
the National Symposium on Ocean Electronics, 15-17 December 1993. (Natl. Symp. on
Ocean Electronics; Cochin; India; 15-17 Dec 1993). CSIR; New Delhi; 1993; 94-99.
Chakraborty, B., Raju, Y.S.N., Nair, R.R. (1991). Nodule bottom backscattering study using
multibeam echosounder. Proc. Nat. Symp. on Ocean Electronics, 18-20 December 1991,
SYMPOL-91. CUSAT; 1992; 67-70.
10