Table Of Content

BiblicalArchaeology:AVeryShortIntroduction VeryShortIntroductionsavailablenow: AFRICANHISTORY CLASSICS JohnParkerandRichardRathbone MaryBeardandJohnHenderson AMERICANPOLITICALPARTIES CLAUSEWITZ MichaelHoward ANDELECTIONS L.SandyMaisel THECOLDWAR RobertMcMahon THEAMERICANPRESIDENCY Communism LeslieHolmes CharlesO.Jones CONSCIOUSNESS SusanBlackmore ANARCHISM ColinWard CONTEMPORARYART ANCIENTEGYPT IanShaw JulianStallabrass ANCIENTPHILOSOPHY JuliaAnnas CONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY ANCIENTWARFARE SimonCritchley HarrySidebottom COSMOLOGY PeterColes ANGLICANISM MarkChapman THECRUSADES ChristopherTyerman THEANGLO-SAXONAGE JohnBlair CRYPTOGRAPHY ANIMALRIGHTS DavidDeGrazia FredPiperandSeanMurphy ANTISEMITISM StevenBeller DADAANDSURREALISM Theapocryphalgospels DavidHopkins PaulFoster DARWIN JonathanHoward Aquinas FergusKerr THEDEADSEASCROLLS ARCHAEOLOGY PaulBahn TimothyLim ARCHITECTURE AndrewBallantyne DEMOCRACY BernardCrick ARISTOTLE JonathanBarnes DESCARTES TomSorell ARTHISTORY DanaArnold DESERTS NickMiddleton ARTTHEORY CynthiaFreeland DESIGN JohnHeskett ATHEISM JulianBaggini DINOSAURS DavidNorman AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick DOCUMENTARYFILM Autism UtaFrith PatriciaAufderheide BARTHES JonathanCuller DREAMING J.AllanHobson BESTSELLERS JohnSutherland DRUGS LeslieIversen THEBIBLE JohnRiches THEEARTH MartinRedfern biblicalarchaeology ECONOMICS ParthaDasgupta EricH.Cline EGYPTIANMYTH GeraldinePinch biography HermioneLee EIGHTEENTH-CENTURYBRITAIN THEBOOKOFMORMON PaulLangford TerrylL.Givens THEELEMENTS PhilipBall THEBRAIN MichaelO’Shea EMOTION DylanEvans BRITISHPOLITICS AnthonyWright EMPIRE StephenHowe BUDDHA MichaelCarrithers ENGELS TerrellCarver BUDDHISM DamienKeown ETHICS SimonBlackburn BUDDHISTETHICS DamienKeown THEEUROPEANUNION CAPITALISM JamesFulcher JohnPinderandSimonUsherwood CATHOLICISM GeraldO’Collins EVOLUTION THECELTS BarryCunliffe BrianandDeborahCharlesworth CHAOS LeonardSmith EXISTENTIALISM ThomasFlynn CHOICETHEORY FASCISM KevinPassmore MichaelAllingham FEMINISM MargaretWalters CHRISTIANART BethWilliamson THEFIRSTWORLDWAR CHRISTIANITY LindaWoodhead MichaelHoward Citizenship RichardBellamy FOSSILS KeithThomson CLASSICALMYTHOLOGY FOUCAULT GaryGutting HelenMorales FREESpeech NigelWarburton FREEWILL ThomasPink KANT RogerScruton THEFRENCHREVOLUTION KIERKEGAARD PatrickGardiner WilliamDoyle THEKORAN MichaelCook FREUD AnthonyStorr law RaymondWacks FUNDAMENTALISM MaliseRuthven Lincoln AllenC.Guelzo galaxies JohnGribbin LINGUISTICS PeterMatthews GALILEO StillmanDrake LITERARYTHEORY JonathanCuller GAMETHEORY KenBinmore LOCKE JohnDunn GANDHI BhikhuParekh LOGIC GrahamPriest Geography MACHIAVELLI QuentinSkinner JohnMatthewsandDavidHerbert THEMARQUISDESADE JohnPhillips GEOPOLITICS KlausDodds MARX PeterSinger GERMANLITERATURE MATHEMATICS TimothyGowers NicholasBoyle Themeaningoflife GLOBALCATASTROPHES TerryEagleton BillMcGuire MEDICALETHICS TonyHope GLOBALWARMING MarkMaslin MEDIEVALBRITAIN GLOBALIZATION ManfredSteger JohnGillinghamand THEGREATDEPRESSIONANDTHE RalphA.Griffiths NEWDEAL EricRauchway Memory JonathanFoster HABERMAS JamesGordonFinlayson MODERNART DavidCottington HEGEL PeterSinger MODERNCHINA RanaMitter HEIDEGGER MichaelInwood MODERNIRELAND SeniaPaˇseta HIEROGLYPHS PenelopeWilson modernjapan HINDUISM KimKnott ChristopherGoto-Jones HISTORY JohnH.Arnold MOLECULES PhilipBall thehistoryof Mormonism astronomy MichaelHoskin RichardLymanBushman theHistoryofLife MUSIC NicholasCook MichaelBenton MYTH RobertA.Segal theHistoryofMedicine NATIONALISM StevenGrosby WilliamBynum NelsonMandela EllekeBoehmer THEHISTORYOFTIME THENEWTESTAMENTAS LeofrancHolford-Strevens LITERATURE KyleKeefer HIV/AIDS AlanWhiteside NEWTON RobertIliffe HOBBES RichardTuck NIETZSCHE MichaelTanner HUMANEVOLUTION NINETEENTH-CENTURY BernardWood BRITAIN ChristopherHarvie HUMANRIGHTS AndrewClapham andH.C.G.Matthew HUME A.J.Ayer TheNormanconquest IDEOLOGY MichaelFreeden GeorgeGarnett INDIANPHILOSOPHY SueHamilton NORTHERNIRELAND INTELLIGENCE IanJ.Deary MarcMulholland INTERNATIONALMIGRATION NOTHING FrankClose KhalidKoser nuclearweapons INTERNATIONALRELATIONS JosephM.Siracusa PaulWilkinson THEOLDTESTAMENT ISLAM MaliseRuthven MichaelD.Coogan JOURNALISM IanHargreaves PARTICLEPHYSICS FrankClose JUDAISM NormanSolomon PAUL E.P.Sanders JUNG AnthonyStevens PHILOSOPHY EdwardCraig KABBALAH JosephDan PHILOSOPHYOFLAW KAFKA RitchieRobertson RaymondWacks PHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCE SCHIZOPHRENIA SamirOkasha ChrisFrithandEveJohnstone PHOTOGRAPHY SteveEdwards SCHOPENHAUER PLATO JuliaAnnas ChristopherJanaway POLITICALPHILOSOPHY Scienceandreligion DavidMiller ThomasDixon POLITICS KennethMinogue Scotland RabHouston POSTCOLONIALISM RobertYoung Sexuality Ve´roniqueMottier POSTMODERNISM SHAKESPEARE GermaineGreer ChristopherButler SIKHISM EleanorNesbitt POSTSTRUCTURALISM SOCIALANDCULTURAL CatherineBelsey ANTHROPOLOGY PREHISTORY ChrisGosden JohnMonaghanandPeterJust PRESOCRATICPHILOSOPHY SOCIALISM MichaelNewman CatherineOsborne SOCIOLOGY SteveBruce PSYCHIATRY TomBurns SOCRATES C.C.W.Taylor PSYCHOLOGY GillianButlerand Sovietunion StephenLovell FredaMcManus THESPANISHCIVILWAR Puritanism FrancisJ.Bremer HelenGraham THEQUAKERS PinkDandelion SPINOZA RogerScruton QUANTUMTHEORY Statistics DavidJ.Hand JohnPolkinghorne STUARTBRITAIN JohnMorrill RACISM AliRattansi Superconductivity TheReaganRevolution GilTroy StephenBlundell TheReformation PeterMarshall TERRORISM CharlesTownshend Relativity RusseilStannard THEOLOGY DavidF.Ford ReligioninAmerica TRAGEDY AdrianPoole TimothyBeal THETUDORS JohnGuy THERENAISSANCE JerryBrotton TWENTIETH-CENTURY RENAISSANCEART BRITAIN KennethO.Morgan GeraldineA.Johnson TheunitedNations ROMANBRITAIN PeterSalway JussiM.Hanhimäki THEROMANEMPIRE THEVIKINGS JulianRichards ChristopherKelly WITTGENSTEIN A.C.Grayling ROUSSEAU RobertWokler WORLDMUSIC PhilipBohlman RUSSELL A.C.Grayling THEWORLDTRADE RUSSIANLITERATURE ORGANIZATION CatrionaKelly AmritaNarlikar THERUSSIANREVOLUTION WritingandScript S.A.Smith AndrewRobinson Availablesoon: Epidemiology SaracciRodolfo IslamicHistory ForensicScience AdamSilverstein JamesFraser Neoliberalism Information ManfredStegerandRaviK.Roy LucianoFloridi Privary RaymondWacks Formoreinformationvisitourwebsites www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ www.oup.com/us Eric H. Cline BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY A Very Short Introduction 1 3 OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurther OxfordUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellence inresearch,scholarship,andeducation. Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright#2009byEricH.Cline PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 www.oup.com OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. Cline,EricH. Biblicalarchaeology:averyshortintroduction/EricH.Cline. p. cm. Summary:‘‘ArchaeologistClinediscussestheoriginsofbiblicalarchaeology asadisciplineandwhatfirstpromptedexplorerstogoinsearchofsitesthat would‘prove’theBible.Hesurveyssomeofthesites,includingHazor, Megiddo,Gezer,Lachish,Masada,andJerusalem.Separatechaptersdealwith theHebrewBibleandNewTestament,fraudsandforgeries,andfuture prospects.’’—Providedbypublisher Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5 (pbk.) 1. Bible—Antiquities. I. Title BS621.C552009 220.9’3—dc22 2009006525 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 PrintedinGreatBritain byAshfordColourPressLtd.,Gosport,Hants. onacid-freepaper To my family and my fellow archaeologists Acknowledgments Thisbookowesitsexistencesolelytotheeffortsandeditingof NancyToff,towhomIoweahugedebt.Ialsoowealargedebtof gratitudetomystudentsatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,upon whomItriedoutmuchofthismaterialinmyclassesoverthe courseofthepasteightyears,usuallywithoutwarningthemin advance.GratefulthanksareduetoFelicityCobbing,Israel Finkelstein,DavidUssishkin,andShelleyWachsmannfortheir assistanceinprocuringorprovidingsomeoftheillustrations;to LeahBurrowsforherbibliographicalresearchassistance;andto MartinJ.Cline,FelicityCobbing,DavidFarber,NormaFranklin, JimWest,AssafYasur-Landau,andseveralanonymousreadersfor theirhelpfulcritiques,insights,andeditorialsuggestions regardingearliersectionsorentiredraftsofthisbook. Contents Listofillustrations xi Introduction 1 Part I Theevolutionofthediscipline 11 1 Thenineteenthcentury:theearliestexplorers 13 2 BeforetheGreatWar:fromtheologytostratigraphy 21 3 Theinterwarperiod:squareholesinroundtells 30 4 After1948:biblicalveracityandnationalism 40 5 BeyondtheSix-DayWar:newsurveysandstrategies 50 6 The1990sandbeyond:fromnihilismtothepresent 59 Part II ArchaeologyandtheBible 69 7 FromNoahandtheFloodtoJoshuaandtheIsraelites 71 8 FromDavidandSolomontoNebuchadnezzarandthe Neo-Babylonians 80 9 FromtheSilverAmuletScrollstotheDeadSeaScrolls 89