Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan

679 Pages·2006·20.64 MB·English

by  Linda Komaroff (editor)

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BEYOND THE LEGACY OF GENGHIS KHAN
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ISLAMIC HISTORY
AND CIVILIZATION
STUDIES AND TEXTS
edited by
WADAD KADI
AND
ROTRAUD WIELANDT
VOLUME 64
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BEYOND THE LEGACY OF
GENGHIS KHAN
EDITED BY
LINDA KOMAROFF
BRILL
LEIDEN •BOSTON
2006
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Acknowledgment in Publications. You agree to include the following acknowledgment in
any work which in its published form uses LS fonts: “The (LS font name(s)) font(s) used to
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beyond the legacy of Genghis Khan / edited by Linda Komaroff.
p. cm. — (Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts ; v. 64)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15083-6
ISBN-10: 90-04-15083-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.
Iran—History—1256-1500—Congresses. 2. Mongols—Iran—History—Congresses.
3. Ilkhanid dynasty—Congresses. I. Komaroff, Linda, 1953- II. Title. III. Series.
DS289.B49 2006
955’.026—dc22
2006049041
Cover illustration: Enthronement Scene, illustration from the Diez Albums, Iran (possibly
Tabriz), early 14th century. Ink, colors, and gold on paper. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-
Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung (Diez A, fol. 70, S. 22)
ISSN 0929-2403
ISBN-13:978-90-04-15083-6
ISBN-10:90-04-15083-8
© Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,
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table of contents v

CONTENTS
List of illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Notes on transliterations and dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Culture and Commerce in the Mongol World Empire
Cultural Transmission and Exchange in the Mongol Empire:
Notes from the Biographical Dictionary of Ibn al-FuwaãÊ
Devin DeWeese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Diplomatic Missions and Gifts Exchanged by Mamluks and
Ilkhans
Donald P. Little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Jochid Luxury Metalwork: Issues of Genesis and
Development
Mark Kramarovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Maritime Trade of Kish During the Mongol Period
Ralph Kauz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions to Iranian Political
Culture
Bert G. Fragner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lifestyles at the Courts of the Ruling Elite
Avraga Site: The ‘Great Ordå’ of Genghis Khan
Noriyuki Shiraishi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Ilkhanid Palace at Takht-i Sulayman: Excavation Results
Dietrich Huff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Hülegü Moves West: High Living and Heartbreak on the
Road to Baghdad
John Masson Smith, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
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vi table of contents
The Keshig in Iran: The Survival of the Royal Mongol
Household
Charles Melville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The Arts of the Book in Ilkhanid Iran
Calligraphers, Illuminators, and Painters in the Ilkhanid
Scriptorium
Sheila S. Blair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Erudition Exalted: The Double Frontispiece to the Epistles
of the Sincere Brethren
Robert Hillenbrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
In the Beginning: Frontispieces and Front Matter in Ilkhanid
and Injuid Manuscripts
Marianna Shreve Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Patronage of the Arts of the Book under the Injuids of Shiraz
Elaine Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Thoughts on a Sh§hn§ma Legacy of the Fourteenth Century:
Four ^njå Manuscripts and the Great Mongol
Sh§hn§ma
Eleanor Sims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
The Arts and Artistic Interchange
Paper: The Transformative Medium in Ilkhanid Art
jonathan m. bloom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Chinese Motifs in Thirteenth-Century Armenian Art:
The Mongol Connection
Dickran Kouymjian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Pottery under the Mongols
Oliver Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Persian Poetry on Ilkhanid Art and Architecture
Bernard O’Kane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
State and Religion in Ilkhanid Iran
Horoscopes and Planetary Theory: Ilkhanid Patronage of
Astronomers
George Saliba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
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table of contents vii
Reflections on a ‘Double Rapprochement’: Conversion
to Islam among the Mongol Elite during the Early
Ilkhanate
Judith Pfeiffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Religious Diversity under Ilkhanid Rule c. 1300 as Reflected
in the Freer Bal#amÊ
Teresa Fitzherbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
The Mongol Legacy of Persian Farm§ns
Abolala Soudavar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Concluding Remarks
The Mongol Empire in World History
David Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Color plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Black and white figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
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viii list of illustrations

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Color Plates
1a. Installation view with tent panels. The Legacy of Genghis Khan,
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2003 (exhibition designer
Bernard Kester; photo © 2003 LACMA/Museum Associ-
ates)
1b. Tent panels (detail), eastern Iran or western Central Asia, late
13th–early 14th century. Lampas weave (tabby and twill), red
and purple silk, gilded strips. Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
(TE.40.00) (photo © 2003 LACMA/Museum Associates)
2a–c. Set of belt fittings (details), Golden Horde (Southern Russia) and
China, 13th century. Gold sheet, engraved, stamped, chased,
and punched, worked in repoussé. State Hermitage Museum,
St. Petersburg (KUB-705–721)
3. Set of belt fittings, Mongol Empire, 13th century. Silver gilt.
State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (ZO-762)
4. Reconstruction of Genghis Khan’s palace (drawing by N.
Shiraishi)
5. Takht-i Sulayman, view from southwest into the destroyed
Ilkhanid north Êw§n with the stairs leading to the throne hall
atop the Sasanian temple (photo D. Huff)
6. Takht-i Sulayman, glazed frieze tile with dragon in lajvard-
ina from the Ilkhanid palace. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin-
Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Museum für Islamische Kunst, Berlin
(photo D. Huff)
7. Enthronement Scene, illustration from the Diez Albums, Iran
(possibly Tabriz), early 14th century. Ink, colors, and gold on
paper. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz,
Orientabteilung (Diez A, fol. 70, S. 22)
8. TÊmår Granting an Audience in Balkh on the Occasion of His Acces-
sion to Power in April 1370, from a £afarn§ma of Sharaf al-DÊn
#AlÊ YazdÊ copied by ShÊr #AlÊ for Sulã§n-\usayn MÊrz§.
Iran, Herat, dated 872/1467–68; paintings executed c. 1480.
Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. Baltimore, Johns
Hopkins University, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, John Work
Garrett Collection, fol. 82b
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list of illustrations ix
9. Illuminated page from a copy of RashÊd al-DÊn’s theological
works entitled Majmå#a al-rashÊdiyya, copied by MuÈammad
ibn MaÈmåd ibn MuÈammad, known as AmÊn ZådniwÊs al-
Baghd§dÊ, at Tabriz between Sha#b§n and Rama·§n 711/
December 1311–February 1312. Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar
(MA.006.98CH)
10. Nåshirw§n Writing to the Kh§q§n of China, from the Great Mongol
Sh§hn§ma. Iran, probably Tabriz, 1330s. Ink, colors, and gold
on paper. The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
(Per. 111.7)
11. One leaf of double frontispiece, Ras§"il Ikhw§n al-‘af§", Baghdad,
Shaww§l 686/November 1287. Süleymaniye Mosque Library,
Istanbul (Esad Efendi 3638, fol. 4r). After Ettinghausen (1962),
98
12. One leaf of double frontispiece, Ras§"il Ikhw§n al-‘af§", Baghdad,
Shaww§l 686/November 1287. Süleymaniye Mosque Library,
Istanbul (Esad Efendi 3638, fol. 3v). After Ettinghausen (1962),
99
13. Double frontispiece, Ta"rÊkh-i jah§n-gush§y of #Al§" al-DÊn #Aã§
Malik JuwaynÊ, probably Iraq (Baghdad), dated 4 Dhå al-
Èijja 689/8 December 1290. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
(suppl. persan 205, fols. 1v–2r)
14. Frontispiece, Tarjama-yi ta"rÊkh-i •abarÊ of Bal#amÊ, attributed
to the Jazira (Iraq), possibly Mosul, c. 1300. Freer Gallery of
Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (Purchase,
F1957.16, fol. 1a)
15. Frontispiece, KalÊla wa Dimna of Abå al-Ma#§lÊ Naßrall§h,
attributed to Iran, c. 1300. TopkapÌ Palace Museum Library,
Istanbul (H. 363, fols. 1b–2a)
16. Frontispiece, KalÊla wa Dimna of Abå al-Ma#§lÊ Naßrall§h,
attributed to Iran (possibly Shiraz), dated 707/1307–8. By
permission of The British Library, London (Or. 13506, fols.
2b–3a)
17. Frontispiece, Sh§hn§ma of FirdawsÊ, attributed to Shiraz, dated
‘afar 731/November 1330. TopkapÌ Palace Museum Library,
Istanbul (H. 1479, fols. 4b–5a)
18. Frontispiece, Sh§hn§ma of FirdawsÊ, attributed to Shiraz,
dated end of Rama·§n 741/mid-March 1341. Arthur M. Sack-
ler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (Smith-
sonian Unrestricted Trust Funds, Smithsonian Collections
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