Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of - Userpage

353 Pages·2010·17.75 MB·English

by  Branko Bubalo

Benchmarking Airport Productivity
and the Role of Capacity Utilization –
A Study of Selected European Airports

Branko Bubalo

Thesis submitted to the faculty of the
University of Applied Sciences Berlin
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Diplom-Wirtschaftsingenieur
Umweltmanagement

Dr. Jürgen Müller
Dr. Anne Graham

Berlin, Germany, February 15, 2009
To my family,
my best friend and partner
Claudia
and our lovely son
Richard Alexius.
Statutory Declaration

I hereby confirm, that I have independently composed this Diploma
Thesis and that no other than the indicated aid and sources have been
used. This work has not been presented to any other examination board.

___________________________________
(Branko Bubalo), Berlin, February 15, 2009
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................4
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................6
Sample Airports .................................................................................................................11
Basic Annual Indicators for Sample Airports .................................................................12
Preface .................................................................................................................................15
1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................18
1.1 Recent Developments and Future Outlook in Air Transportation ............................ 19
1.2 Fuel Prices Affecting Air Transportation ................................................................. 24
1.3 New Airspace Surveillance Technologies ................................................................ 25
1.4 Capacity .................................................................................................................... 26
1.5 Ultimate Capacity ..................................................................................................... 30
2 Methodologies and Models ......................................................................................31
2.1 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 32
2.2 Peak Period Estimation and Data .............................................................................. 33
2.3 Considerations Concerning the Data ........................................................................ 37
2.4 The Benchmarking Concept ..................................................................................... 38
2.5 Criticism and Findings of Technical, Operational and Infrastructural Inputs used in
Previous Benchmarking Studies ............................................................................... 40
3 Airport Capacity Assessment..................................................................................44
3.1 The “Kanafani Model” and Assessment Results ...................................................... 46
3.2 Analytical Model for Calculating Ultimate Capacity ............................................... 51
3.3 Simulation Setup ....................................................................................................... 54
3.3.1 Available Simulation Models ..................................................................... 54
3.3.2 Single Runway Airports .............................................................................. 58
3.3.3 Airport Charts ............................................................................................. 59
3.3.4 Airport Coordinates .................................................................................... 60
3.3.5 Separation Minima and Wake Vortex Classification.................................. 61
3.3.6 Weather Data .............................................................................................. 63
3.3.7 Wind Direction............................................................................................ 64
3.3.8 Preferential Runway System ....................................................................... 66
3.3.9 Apron, Runway Exits and Taxiway layout ................................................. 67
3.3.10 Gate, Departure Queue and Airspace ...................................................... 68
3.4 Simulation Run and Scenarios .................................................................................. 69
Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 4
Table of Contents
4 Results of the Simulation Benchmarking ..............................................................70
4.1 Results for the LHR and BBI Simulations ................................................................ 74
4.2 Traffic Flows at the Simulated Airports ................................................................... 77
5 Summary of Results and Conclusions ....................................................................80
6 Outlook......................................................................................................................83
References and further readings ......................................................................................85
Electronic and Internet Sources .......................................................................................96
Appendix .............................................................................................................................99
Figures 23...................................................................................................................... 102
Figures 26 and 27 .......................................................................................................... 112
Figures 16...................................................................................................................... 117
Figures 17...................................................................................................................... 147
Figures 18...................................................................................................................... 168
Figures 19...................................................................................................................... 178
Figures 28...................................................................................................................... 185
Contacts............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 5
Abbreviations
Abbreviations

ABS Airport Business Suite
ACD Airport Capacity And Delay
ACI Airports Council International
ADRM Airport Development Reference Manual
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast
ADV Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Verkehrsflughäfen
AO Annual Operations
AP Annual Passengers
ARC Aachen Research Center
ARR Arrival
ASV Annual Service Volume
ATA Air Transport Association
ATAC The Air Transport Association of Canada
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATS Air Traffic System
ATSL Air Transportation Systems Laboratory
BAA British Airport Authority
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China (emerging Markets)
BSE Berlin School of Economics
CAA Civial Aviation Authority
CAMACA Commonly Agreed Methodology for Airport Airside
Capacity Assessment
CDM Collaborative Decision Making
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CFMU Central Flow Management Unit
DEP Departure
DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung
DfT Department for Transport
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
DPH Design Peak Hours
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FSX Flight Simulator® (Microsoft)
GAP German Airport Performance
GE Google Earth® (Software)
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI Grafical User Interface Software
H Aircraft Class Heavy (> 136,000 kg)
Ha Hectar
HO Design Peak Hour Operation
HP Design Peak Hour Passengers
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civial Aviation Organization
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
INM Integrated Noise Model
IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions
IVAO International Virtual Aviation Association
L Aircraft Class Large (7,000 to 136,000 kg)
Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 6
Abbreviations
LCC Low Cost Carriers, Low Fares Airline
M refer to L
MIT Massachuchettes Institute of Technology
MTOW Maximum Take-Off weight
Mvts Movements (Ops and Flights)
NAS National Airspace System
NASA National Aeronautics ans Space Administration
NGATS Next Generation Air Transportation System
NextGen Next Generation Air Transportation System
NLR National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands
nmi Nautical Miles
OAG Official Airline Guide
Ops Operations
PACS Pan-European Airport Capacity and Delay Analysis
Support
PAX Passengers
PD Peak Days
PDTHUW26 Design Peak Day, Thursday of Week 26
PH Peak Hour
PHW122009 Peak Hour Of Week 12, 2009
PPP Public Private Partnership
RAMS Reorganized ATC Mathematical Simulator
RNP Required Navigation Performance
ROT Runway Occupancy Time
Rwy Runway
S Aircraft Class Small (<7000 kg)
SES Single European Sky
SESAR Single European Sky ATM Research Programme
SIMMOD Airport and Airspace Simulation Model
SLF Seat Load Factor
TAAM Total Airspace and Airport Modeler
THENA Thematic Network on Airport Activities
TRB Transportation Research Board
UK United Kingdom
USD United-States Dollar
VFR Visual Flight Rules
Virginia Tech Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
VMC Visual Meteorological
VS Visual SIMMOD
Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 7
List of Figures
Main Text
Figure 1 Annual Passengers at Sample European Airports with above 10 million PAX
from 2003 to 2007 (Bubalo 2009, EUROSTAT 2008) page 11
Figure 2 Annual Passengers at Sample European Airports with below 10 million PAX
from 2003 to 2007 (Bubalo 2009, EUROSTAT 2008) page 11
Figure 3 Annual Flights at Sample European Airports with above 100,000 flights from
2003 to 2007 (Bubalo 2009, EUROSTAT 2008) page 12
Figure 4 Annual Flights below 100,000 Operations at Sample European Airports from
2003 to 2007 (Source: Bubalo 2009, EUROSTAT 2008) page 12
Figure 5 Passengers and Operations Change from 2003 to 2007 (Source: Bubalo 2009,
EUROSTAT 2008) page 13
Figure 6 Most Constraining Points in European Air Traffic in 2007 page 13
Figure 7 Annual monthly traffic and variations (PRC 2007) page 19
Figure 8 The long-term view of growth is of a stable long-termed trend page 29
Figure 9 Ranking of the main global hubs (Ambrosetti 2008) page 21
Figure 10 Limiting Factors for Capacity and Interdependencies at Airports page 26
Figure 11 Target Groups and Offerings at Airports (Bubalo 2009 adapted from
Leutenecker & Fraport 2008) page 28
Figure 12 Relationship between delay-related and ultimate capacity page 29
Figure 13 Traffic and total delays comparison with equivalent weeks of the previous year
(CFMU 2008) page 34
Figure 14 Capacity and ASV for long-range planning (FAA 1995) page 39
Figure 15 Groupings of runway configurations in relation to Annual Service Volume
(ASV), (Bubalo 2009 derived from FAA 1995) page 40
Figure 16a STN Weekdays Operations Pattern and Capacities page 44
Figure 17a Assumption Rectangle and Capacities of FRA Airport for the year 2007/2008
(Bubalo 2009) page 48
Figure 18a Typical Capacity Envelope for LHR airport page 51

Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 8
Figure 18b Typical Capacity Envelope for IST airport page 51
Figure 19a STR Airport Layout for SIMMOD page 59
Figure 20 Vortex generation on take-off and landing (CAA 1999) page 60
Figure 21 Ceiling and Visibility Routines (De Neufville 2003) page 61
Figure 22 Example printout of windrose (two bi-directional runways) page 63
Figure 23a Example BHX Flights and Delays per Flight from SIMMOD page 69
Figure 24 LHR airport SIMMOD simulation for 20% growth scenario page 74
Figure 25 BBI airport SIMMOD simulation for 100% growth scenario page 74
Figure 26 Flows of Airport Traffic at LHR: SIMMOD Base and 20% growth scenario,
(Bubalo 2009) page 75
Figure 27 Flows of Airport Traffic at BBI Airport: SIMMOD Base, 20% and 100%
growth scenario, (Bubalo 2009) page 77

Appendix
Figures 16 Weekday Operations Pattern and Capacities (Demand Diagrams) for Sample
Airports pp. 117
Figures 17 Assumption Rectangles for Sample Airports pp. 147
Figures 18 Typical Capacity Envelopes for Selected Airports pp. 169
Figures 19 Airport Layout for SIMMOD Sample Airports pp. 179
Figures 23 Flights and Delays per Flight from SIMMOD pp. 102
Figures 28 Airport Charts for Sample Airports pp. 186

Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 9
List of Tables

Table 1 Sample Airports and Codes, (Bubalo 2009) page 10
Table 2 Freedom of Action for Airlines before and after Deregulation (De Neufville
2008) page 20
Table 3 Top Five Traffic Days 2005-08 (EUROCONTROL CFMU 2008) page 33
Table 4 Basic Indicators and Airport Configurations Groups for sample airports
(Bubalo 2009) pp. 41/42
Table 5 'Static' Capacity Assessment (Bubalo 2009) pp. 46/47
Table 6 Weight parameters (CAA 1999) page 61
Table 7 Average Seatload Factors for Sample Airports page 116
Table 8 SIMMOD arrivals injection time adjustment for flight schedule data, (Bubalo
2009) page 178

Benchmarking Airport Productivity and the Role of Capacity Utilization 10