Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment

440 Pages·2012·3.37 MB·English

by  Renata Kieling

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
Series Editors:
Mark Geyer, La Jolla, CA, USA
Bart Ellenbroek, Wellington, New Zealand
Charles Marsden, Nottingham, UK
Aboutthisseries
Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences provides critical and comprehensive
discussions of the most significant areas of behavioral neuroscience research,
written by leading international authorities. Each volume offers an informative
andcontemporaryaccountofitssubject,makingitanunrivalledreferencesource.
Titlesinthisseriesareavailableinbothprintandelectronicformats.
With the development of new methodologies for brain imaging, genetic and
genomicanalyses,molecularengineeringofmutantanimals,novelroutesfordrug
delivery,andsophisticatedcross-speciesbehavioralassessments,itisnowpossible
tostudybehaviorrelevanttopsychiatricandneurologicaldiseasesanddisorderson
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thedevelopment ofnewdiagnosticsandtherapeuticsaswellasprevention efforts
arecoveredwheneverpossible.
.
Clare Stanford Rosemary Tannock
l
Editors
Behavioral Neuroscience
of Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
and Its Treatment
Editors
Dr.S.ClareStanford Dr.RosemaryTannock
DepartmentofNeuroscience Applied Psychology&Human Development
Physiology&Pharmacology The OntarioInstitute for Studies in Education
UniversityCollegeLondon University of Toronto
GowerStreet 252BloorStreet West
WC1E6BTLondon Toronto,Ontario M5S1V6
UnitedKingdom Canada
[email protected] [email protected]
ISSN1866-3370 e-ISSN1866-3389
ISBN978-3-642-24611-1 e-ISBN978-3-642-24612-8
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-24612-8
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011943172
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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A Tribute to Terje Sagvolden (Feb 12, 1945
to Jan 12, 2011)
We dedicate this edited volume on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)toTerjeSagvolden,ahighlyaccomplishedneuroscientistofinternational
repute, a wonderful caring man, a kind considerate friend, and an inspiring
researcher.Hisseminalworkwastodemonstratetherelevanceofaspecificanimal
model,theSpontaneouslyHypertensiveRat,forhumanADHD,whichhedescribes
in a chapter in this volume, completed shortly before his sudden death. As a
founding member of the European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorder (Eunethy-
dis), he emphasized with legendary enthusiasm, the importance of reinforcement
andlearning asamajor focus for humanADHDresearch.Terjeworked tirelessly
andpassionatelytoforgelinksbetweenbasicandclinicalresearchersfromdifferent
disciplines, across different countries, to better understand the neurobiology of
ADHD. He leaves a rich legacy of ideas to be pursued by the next generation of
ADHDresearchers,someofwhomarerepresentedinthisvolume.
.
Preface
AsoneintheseriesofCurrentTopicsinBehavioralNeuroscience,thisbookdraws
together the latest developments in both preclinical andclinical research of atten-
tion-deficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD).Wehavetriedtohighlightthescience
thatiscommontoboth,aswellasthechasmsthatseparatethem.Thisappraisalis
timely in view of the forthcoming publication of DSM-5 in 2013, which aims to
update the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, based on its current neuroscientific
understanding.
ADHDhasaworldwideincidenceofabout5%inchildrenbutitisnotabenign
disorderfoundonlyintheyoung,aswasoncebelieved.Astheopeningchapterof
thisbookmakesclear,ADHDpersistsintoadulthoodinmorethanhalfofthecases.
These patients often experience serious comorbidity, such as substance misuse
(especiallyalcohol),anxietyandemotionallability;bipolardisorderandcriminali-
ty.Anyoneoftheseproblemscanruinsocialfunction,employability,andquality
of life, and they all illustrate why it is so important that we find ways of under-
standing the neurobiology of this disorder and develop effective treatment
approaches.
Thereisanobviousandjustifiableemphasisonthelatestresearchthatpointsto
ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder involving alterations in prefrontal brain
regions,buttheroleofotherbrainregions,suchasthosecoupledtotheperiphery,is
covered too. At last, there is real progress in understanding the consequences of
disrupting these complex feed-back and feed-forward loops and their functional
connectionswithforebrainneuronalcircuits.
Afterthat,thethemeofthechaptersswitchestocomorbidproblems,especially
drug misuse and obesity. It is not at all obvious why these debilitating conditions
aresoprominentwithADHD,comparedwithotherpsychiatricdisorders,butthat
anomalymustgivecluestotheirunderlyingneurobiology.Morecluesareemerging
from genetic studies, which are gradually identifying candidates that are more
certain,ormorecommon,thanothers.However,asisnowevident,allthesefactors
can be confounded by the impact of early life experience on gene expression and
factorsthatgovernbraindevelopment,includingthosethatdeterminegender.
vii
viii Preface
As in other fields, the development of an animal model of ADHD is seen as an
essential step in translational research. Validating these animal models, even as
meredrugscreens,isaconstantandchallengingprocess.Severalmousecontenders
are reviewed here but whether a strain of mouse will ever be developed that
replicatesthebenchmarkrodentmodelofADHD,theSpontaneouslyHypertensive
Rat(SHR),remainstobeseen.
Apart from the SHR, which has been studied in exceptional detail, there is a
striking dearth of preclinical research of ADHD compared with other CNS dis-
orders. That could well explain why, despite the prevalence of ADHD, only five
drugsarelicensedtotreatADHDintheUSA–andonlythreeoftheseareavailable
in the UK. Yet, given that even the first-line treatments for ADHD(psychostimu-
lants) are ineffective in about 20–25% of cases, there is a pressing need for new
approachestopharmacotherapyofADHD,particularlyinadults,basedonastrong
scientificrationale.
Thelastchapteroffersanovelframeworkinwhichtoviewthevariousaccounts
andexplanationsofADHDpresentedhereinandinthebroaderADHDliterature.It
presents an updated version of the theoretical framework initially presented by
Peter Killeen at the international multidisciplinary research group led by Terje
Sagvolden at the Centre for Advanced Studies at the Norwegian Academy for
ScienceandLetters(2004–2005).This‘‘think-tank’’onADHDactedasacatalyst
in generating new ideas and new lines of international collaborative research
betweenbasicandclinicalscientistsandtheestablishmentofthejournalBehavior-
alandBrainFunctions,ofwhichTerjewasEditor-in-Chief.
Contents
ADHDinChildrenandAdults:DiagnosisandPrognosis .................... 1
RenataKielingandLuisA.Rohde
ADHD:Volumetry,Motor,andOculomotorFunctions ..................... 17
E.MarkMahone
NeurodevelopmentalAbnormalitiesinADHD ............................... 49
ChandanJ.Vaidya
IntraindividualVariabilityinADHDandItsImplications
forResearchofCausalLinks .................................................. 67
JonnaKuntsiandChristophKlein
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–AdrenocorticalAxisFunction
inAttention-DeficitHyperactivityDisorder .................................. 93
GraemeFairchild
BrainProcessesinDiscounting:ConsequencesofAdolescent
MethylphenidateExposure ................................................... 113
WalterAdriani,FrancescaZoratto,andGiovanniLaviola
AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderandSubstance
UseDisorders .................................................................. 145
OscarG.Bukstein
LinkingADHD,Impulsivity,andDrugAbuse:ANeuropsychological
Perspective ..................................................................... 173
GonzaloP.UrcelayandJeffreyW.Dalley
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