Table Of ContentBASIC
SUBROUTINES FOR
COMMODORE
COMPUTERS
COMMODORE 64
VIC-20
PET
EDDIE ADAMIS
BASIC SUBROUTINES FOR COMMODORE COMPUTERS
Adamis Wiley Press
BASIC
Subroutines
for Commodore
Computers
MORE THAN TWO MILLION PEOPLE HAVE LEARNED TO PROGRAM, USE, AND ENJOY
MICROCOMPUTERS WITH WILEY PRESS GUIDES. LOOK FOR THEM ALL AT YOUR
FAVORITE BOOSKHOP OR COMPUTER STORE.
ANS COBOL, 2nd ed., Ashley
Apple® BASIC: Data File Programming, Finkel & Brown
Apple II® Assembly Language Exercises, Scanlon
8080/Z80 Assembly Language, Miller
6502 Assembly Language Programming, Fernandez, Tabler, & Ashley
ATARI® BASIC, Albrecht, Finkel, & Brown
ATARI® Sound and Graphics, Moore, Lower, & Albrecht
Background Math for a Computer World, 2nd ed., Ashley
BASIC, 2nd ed., Albrecht, Finkel, & Brown
BASIC for Home Computers, Albrecht, Finkel, & Brown
BASIC for the Apple II®, Brown, Finkel, & Albrecht
BASIC Key Words: A User’s Guide, Adamis
BASIC Programmer’s Guide to Pascal, Borgerson
BASIC Subroutines for Commodore Computers, Adamis
Byteing Deeper into Your Timex Sinclair 1000, Harrison
Color Computer® Applications, Grillo & Robertson
CP/M® for the IBM: Using CP/M-86, Fernandez & Ashley
Data File Programming In BASIC, Finkel & Brown
FAST BASIC: Beyond TRS-80® BASIC, Gratzer
Flowcharting, Stern
FORTRAN IV, 2nd ed., Friedman, Greenberg, & Hoffberg
Genie in the Computer: Programming Graphics on the TRS-80®, Kohl, Karp, & Singer
Golden Delicious Games for the Apple® Computer, Franklin, Finkel, & Koltnow
Graphics for the IBM PC, Conklin
How to Buy the Right Small Business Computer System, Smolin
IBM PC: Data File Programming, Brown & Finkel
Introduction to 8080/8085 Assembly Language Programming, Fernandez & Ashley
Introduction to Data Processing, 2nd ed., Harris
Job Control Language, Ashley & Fernandez
Mastering the VIC-20®, Jones, Coley, & Cole
Microcomputers: A Parents’ Guide, Goldberg & Sherwood
More Subroutine Sandwich, Grillo & Robertson
More TRS-80® BASIC, Inman, Zamora, & Albrecht
PC DOS: Using the IBM PC Operating System, Ashley & Fernandez
Problem-Solving on the TRS-80® Pocket Computer, Inman & Conlan
Structured COBOL, Ashley
Subroutine Sandwich, Grillo & Robertson
Successful Software for Small Computers, Beech
Timex Sinclair 2000 Explored, Hartnell
TRS-80® BASIC, Albrecht, Inman & Zamora
TRS-80® Color Basic, Albrecht
TRS-80® Means Business, Lewis
TRS-80® Model III Users’ Guide, Finkel & Bove
UNIX® Operating System Book, Banahan & Rutter
Using CPM®, Fernandez & Ashley
Using Programmable Calculators for Business, Hohenstein
Using VisiCalc®: Getting Down to Business, Klitzner & Plociak
What Can I Do with My Timex Sinclair? Lots!, Valentine
Why Do You Need a Personal Computer? Leventhal & Stafford
Apple® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
ATARI® is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc.
CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research.
TRS—80® and Color Computer® are trademarks of Tandy Corp.
UNIX® is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.
VIC-20® is a registered trademark of Commodore International.
VisiCalc® is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.
BASIC
Subroutines
for Commodore
Computers
Eddie Adamis
A Wiley Press Book
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore
Copyright © 1983 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.
Reproduction or translation of any part of this work
beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of
the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission
or further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Adamis, Eddie, 1921-—
Basic subroutines for Commodore Computers.
Includes index.
1. Commodore (Computer)—Programming. 2. Basic (Computer
program language) I. Title.
QA76.8.P47A3 1982 001.64’2 82-21874
ISBN: 0-471- 86541-9
Printed in the United States of America
83 84 109876543
Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 ANGLES 7
Degrees to grads • Degrees to radians • Grads to degrees • Grads to radians
Radians to degrees • Radians to grads
CHAPTER 3 AREA 15
Square centimeters to square inches • Square feet to square meters
Square inches to square centimeters • Square kilometers to square miles
Square meters to square feet • Square meters to square yards
Square miles to square kilometers • Square yards to square meters
CHAPTER 4 BUSINESS 25
Average purchase cost per unit • Average manufacturing cost per unit
Gross profit in percent • Gross profit on purchase cost • Gross profit on purchase cost of a set
of items • Gross profit on manufacturing costs • Gross profit on various costs
CHAPTER 5 CAPACITY/MEASUREMENT 41
Capacity I U.S. and British liquid measures to liters 42
British gallons to liters • U.S. gallons to liters • British pints to liters
U.S. pints to liters • British quarts to liters • U.S. quarts to liters
Capacity II Liters to U.S. and British liquid measures 52
Liters to British gallons • Liters to U.S. gallons • Liters to British pints
Liters to U.S. pints • Liters to British quarts • Liters to U.S. quarts
Capacity III U.S. and British dry measures to liters 60
British bushels to liters • U.S. bushels to liters • British pecks to liters • U.S. pecks to liters
British pints to liters • U.S. pints to liters • British quarts to liters • U.S. quarts to liters
CHAPTER 6 ENERGY 69
Electron-volts to joules • Ergs to joules
Foot-pounds to joules • Kilowatt-hours to joules
V
vi BASIC Subroutines for Commodore Computers
CHAPTER 7 FORCE 79
Dynes to Newtons • Poundals to Newtons • Pounds-force to Newtons
Pounds-force to poundals
CHAPTER 8 GEOMETRY 85
Geometric progression • Nth term of a progression • Mean of a progression
CHAPTER 9 HEAT ENERGY 93
British thermal units to calories • British thermal units to joules • Calories to joules
CHAPTER 10 INVESTMENTS 103
Initial investment • Withdrawals • Deposits • Final Capital • Effective interest rate
Simple interest • Compounded interest
CHAPTER 11 LENGTH 123
Centimeters to inches • Feet to meters • Inches to centimeters • Kilometers to miles
Meters to feet • Meters to yards • Miles to kilometers • Yards to meters
CHAPTER 12 LOANS 137
Maximum amount to be borrowed • Amortization schedule • Duration in years
Periodic payment • Last payment • Unpaid balance
CHAPTER 13 MASS 157
Kilograms to pounds • Long hundred-weight to kilograms • Long tons to metric tons
Metric tons to long tons • Metric tons to short tons • Pounds to kilograms • Short hundred
weight to kilograms • Short tons to metric tons
CHAPTER 14 MATHEMATICS 169
Arithmetic progression • Arithmetic mean • Harmonic series • Harmonic progression
Greatest common divisor • Number round off • Summation • Logarithms to any base
CHAPTER 15 MATRIX OPERATIONS 185
Addition • Subtraction • Multiplication
CHAPTER 16 NUMBER SYSTEMS 201
Binary to decimal • Decimal to binary • Decimal to hexadecimal • Decimal to octal
Hexadecimal to decimal • Octal to decimal
Contents vii
CHAPTER 17 PRESSURE 217
Atmospheres to Newtons per square meter • Bars to Newtons per square meter
Dynes per square centimeter to Newtons per square meter • Inches of mercury to Newtons
per square meter • Millimeters of mercury to Newtons per square meter
Pounds per square inch to Newtons per square meter
CHAPTER 18 SCALAR OPERATIONS 227
Addition • Subtraction • Multiplication • Division
CHAPTER 19 SORTING NUMBERS AND WORDS 241
By ascending or descending order and by input or data
CHAPTER 20 STATISTICS 265
Factorial • Combinations • Permutations • Bar graph • Percentage of recurrence
CHAPTER 21 TEMPERATURE 279
Celsius to Fahrenheit • Celsius to Kelvin • Celsius to Rankine • Celsius to Reaumur
Fahrenheit to Celsius • Fahrenheit to Kelvin • Fahrenheit to Rankine • Fahrenheit to Reaumur
Kelvin to Celsius • Kelvin to Fahrenheit • Kelvin to Rankine • Kelvin to Reaumur
Reaumur to Celsius • Reaumur to Fahrenheit • Reaumur to Kelvin • Reaumur to Rankine
Rankine to Celsius • Rankine to Fahrenheit • Rankine to Kelvin • Rankine to Reaumur
CHAPTER 22 VOLUME 301
Cubic centimeters to cubic inches • Cubic feet to cubic meters • Cubic inches to cubic
centimeters • Cubic meters to cubic feet • Cubic meters to cubic yards
Cubic yards to cubic meters
NOTE:
The programs in this book were developed on a PET®; but they have also
been tested and will run on a VIC-20® or Commodore 64. A few programs
require more memory than the VIC-20’s standard 5K.
PET® and VIC-20® are registered trademarks of Commodore International.
