Table Of Content

Statistics De Muth BASIC STATISTICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS THIRD EDITION Building on its best-selling predecessors, Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical B A Statistical Applications, Third Edition covers statistical topics most relevant S to those in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy practice. It focuses on the I C fundamentals required to understand descriptive and inferential statistics for problem solving. Incorporating new material in virtually every chapter, this SS BBAASSIICC STATISTICS TT third edition now provides information on software applications to assist AA with evaluating data. TT II AND PHARMACEUTICAL SS New to the Third Edition TT II CC • Use of Excel® and Minitab® for performing statistical analysis AS STATISTICAL L • Discussions of nonprobability sampling procedures, determining if data A is normally distributed, evaluation of covariances, and testing for precision AN PD APPLICATIONS equivalence P • Expanded sections on regression analysis, chi square tests, tests for LP IH trends with ordinal data, and tests related to survival statistics C A • Additional nonparametric procedures, including the one-sided sign test, AR T Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, and Mood’s median test M I OA THIRD EDITION NC With the help of flow charts and tables, the author dispels some of the anxiety SE associated with using basic statistical tests in the pharmacy profession and U helps readers correctly interpret their results using statistical software. T I Through the text’s worked-out examples, readers better understand how the C A mathematics works, the logic behind many of the equations, and the L James E. De Muth tests’ outcomes. THIRD EDITION K20792 BASIC STATISTICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS THIRD EDITION K20792_FM.indd 1 3/6/14 4:41 PM RECENTLY PUBLISHED BOOKS Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications, Third Edition James E. De Muth Basic Pharmacokinetics, Second Edition Mohsen A. Hedaya Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery, Second Edition Ram I. Mahato and Ajit S. Narang Pharmacy: What It Is and How It Works, Third Edition William N. Kelly Essentials of Law and Ethics for Pharmacy Technicians, Third Edition Kenneth M. Strandberg Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy, Second Edition Laurie Kelly McCorry Basic Pharmacology: Understanding Drug Actions and Reactions Maria A. Hernandez and Appu Rathinavelu Managing Pharmacy Practice: Principles, Strategies, and Systems Andrew M. Peterson Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians Indra K. Reddy and Mansoor A. Khan Pharmacoethics: A Problem-Based Approach David A. Gettman and Dean Arneson Pharmaceutical Care: Insights from Community Pharmacists William N. Tindall and Marsha K. Millonig Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy Martin M. Zdanowicz Quick Reference to Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy Judy W. M. Cheng Essentials of Pharmacy Law Douglas J. Pisano Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments: Understanding the Basics Ronald D. Schoenwald Please visit our website www.crcpress.com for a full list of titles K20792_FM.indd 2 3/6/14 4:41 PM BASIC STATISTICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS THIRD EDITION James E. De Muth Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K20792_FM.indd 3 3/6/14 4:41 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140117 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9674-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated to Elin Ann Burns Contents Preface ...................................................................................................... xvii A Book for Non-Statisticians ................................................................. xvii Purpose of This Book ............................................................................. xix How is This Book Similar to the First Two Editions? ............................. xx How Does This Book Represent an Improvement over Previous Editions? ............................................................................................ xx Acknowledgements ............................................................................... xxi Symbols ................................................................................................... xxiii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Types of Statistics ...................................................................................... 1 Parameters and Statistics ........................................................................... 2 Sampling and Independent Observations .................................................. 3 Types of Variables ..................................................................................... 4 Independent and Dependent Variables ...................................................... 7 Selection of the Appropriate Statistical Test ............................................. 8 Procedures for Inferential Statistical Tests ................................................ 9 Applications of Computer Software .......................................................... 10 References ................................................................................................. 14 Suggested Supplemental Readings ............................................................ 14 Example Problems ..................................................................................... 15 2. Probability .................................................................................................. 19 Classic Probability ..................................................................................... 19 Probability Involving Two Variables ........................................................ 21 Conditional Probability ............................................................................. 24 Probability Distribution ............................................................................. 26 Counting Techniques ................................................................................. 28 Binomial Distribution ................................................................................ 33 Poisson Distribution .................................................................................. 37 References ................................................................................................. 39 Suggested Supplemental Readings ............................................................ 40 Example Problems ..................................................................................... 40 vii viii Table of Contents 3. Sampling ...................................................................................................... 43 Random Sampling ..................................................................................... 43 ® ® Using Minitab or Excel to Generate a Random Sample ........................ 45 Other Probability Sampling Procedures .................................................... 48 Nonprobability Sampling Procedure ......................................................... 50 Random Assignment to Two or More Experimental Levels ..................... 50 Precision, Accuracy, and Bias ................................................................... 51 Reliability and Validity ............................................................................. 53 Suggested Supplemental Readings ............................................................ 53 Example Problems ..................................................................................... 53 4. Presentation Modes ..................................................................................... 55 Tabulation of Data ..................................................................................... 55 Visual Displays for Discrete Variables ...................................................... 57 Visual Displays for Continuous Variables ................................................. 59 Visual Displays for Two or More Continuous Variables .......................... 67 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab for Visual Displays .......................................... 69 References ................................................................................................. 69 Suggested Supplemental Readings ............................................................ 70 Example Problems ....................................................................................... 70 5. Measures of Central Tendency ................................................................. 73 Centers of a Continuous Distribution ........................................................ 73 Dispersion within a Continuous Distribution ............................................ 77 Population versus Sample Measures of Central Tendency ........................ 82 Measurements Related to the Sample Standard Deviation ........................ 83 Trimmed Mean ......................................................................................... 85 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab for Measures of Central Tendency .................. 87 Alternative Computational Methods for Calculating Central Tendency ... 90 References ................................................................................................. 96 Suggested Supplemental Readings ............................................................ 96 Example Problems ..................................................................................... 96 6. The Normal Distribution and Data Transformation ............................... 99 The Normal Distribution .......................................................................... 99 Determining if the Distribution is Normal ................................................ 107 Data Transformations: An Overview ........................................................ 112 Lognormal Transformation and the Geometric Mean .............................. 112 Other Types of Transformations .............................................................. 114 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab to Evaluate Normality .................................... 116 References ................................................................................................ 117 Suggested Supplemental Readings ........................................................... 118 Example Problems .................................................................................... 118 7. Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Limits ............................................. 121 Sampling Distribution ............................................................................... 121 Standard Error of the Mean versus the Standard Deviation ...................... 123 Table of Contents ix Confidence Intervals ................................................................................. 125 Statistical Control Charts .......................................................................... 130 Process Capability Indices ....................................................................... 137 Tolerance Limits ...................................................................................... 145 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab for Applications Discussed in this Chapter .... 147 References ............................................................................................... 151 Suggested Supplemental Readings .......................................................... 152 Example Problems .................................................................................... 153 8. Hypothesis Testing ..................................................................................... 155 Hypothesis Testing ................................................................................... 155 Types of Errors ......................................................................................... 159 Type I Error .............................................................................................. 160 Type II Error and Power ........................................................................... 163 Experimental Errors and Propagation of Errors ....................................... 171 References ................................................................................................ 174 Suggested Supplemental Readings ........................................................... 174 Example Problems .................................................................................... 175 9. t-Tests ......................................................................................................... 177 Parametric Procedures .............................................................................. 177 The t-Distribution ..................................................................................... 178 One-Tailed versus Two-Tailed Tests ........................................................ 180 One-Sample t-Tests .................................................................................. 180 Two-Sample t-Tests .................................................................................. 183 Computer Generated p-values .................................................................. 188 Corrected Degrees of Freedom for Unequal Variances ............................ 188 One-Sample t-Test Revisited for Critical Value ....................................... 189 Matched Pair t-Test (Difference t-Test) .................................................... 190 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab for Student t-tests ........................................... 194 References ................................................................................................ 201 Suggested Supplemental Readings ........................................................... 201 Example Problems .................................................................................... 201 10. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ............................................... 205 Hypothesis Testing with the One-Way ANOVA ...................................... 205 The F-Distribution .................................................................................... 206 Test Statistic ............................................................................................. 207 ANOVA Definitional Formula ................................................................. 209 ANOVA Computational Formula ............................................................. 212 Randomized Block Design ....................................................................... 216 Homogeneity of Variance ......................................................................... 223 ® ® Using Excel or Minitab for One-Way ANOVAs .................................. 225 References ................................................................................................ 230 Suggested Supplemental Readings ........................................................... 231 Example Problems .................................................................................... 231