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Basic Principles of Power Electronics PDF

312 Pages·1986·9.11 MB·English
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rnrn~rn~ Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series Editors: J. G. Kassakian . D. H. Naunin Klemens Heumann Basic Principles of Power Electronics With 242 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klemens Heumann Institut fUr Allgemeine Elektrotechnik, Technische Universitat Berlin Einsteinufer 19, D-1000 Berlin 10, Fed. Rep. of Germany Series Editors: Prof. J. G. Kassakian Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Prof. D.H. Naunin Institut fUr Elektronik, Technische Universitat Berlin, Einsteinufer 19, D-1000 Berlin 10, Fed. Rep. of Germany Exclusively authorized English translation of the original German book "Grundlagen der Leistungselektronik", 3rd edition, B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart, 1985. ISBN-13 :978-3-642-82676-4 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-82674-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-82674-0 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Heumann, Klemens. Basic principles of power electronics. (Electric energy systems and engineering series) Translation of: Grundlagen der Leistungselektronik. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Power electronics. I. Title. II. Series. TK7881.15.H4813 1986 621.381 86-10231 ISBN-13:978-3-642-82676-4 (U.S.) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: With a system of the Springer Produktions-Gesellschaft, Berlin. Dataconversion: Briihlsche Universitatsdruckerei, GieBen. 2161/3020-543210 Introduction to the Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series Concerns for the continued supply and efficient use of energy have recently be come important forces shaping our lives. Because of the influence which energy issues have on the economy, international relations, national security, and indi vidual well-being, it is necessary that there exists a reliable, available and accu rate source of information on energy in the broadest sense. Since a major form of energy is electrical, this new book series titled Electric Energy Systems and Engineering has been launched to provide such an information base in this im portant area. The series coverage will include the following areas and their interaction and coordination: generation, transmission, distribution, conversion, storage, utili zation, economics. Although the series is to include introductory and background volumes, .special emphasis will be placed on: new technologies, new adaptations of old technologies, materials and components, measurement techniques, control - in cluding the application of microprocessors in control systems, analysis and planning methodologies, simulation, relationship to, and interaction with, other disciplines. The aim of this series is to provide a comprehensive source of information for the developer, planner, or user of electrical energy. It will also serve as a vis ible and accessible forum for the publication of selected research results and monographs of timely interest. The series is expected to contain introductory level material of a tutorial nature, as well as advanced texts and references for graduate students, engineers and scientists. The editors hope that this series will fill a gap and find interested readers. John G. Kassakian· Dietrich H. Naunin Preface Power electronics became an identifiably separate area of electrical engineering with the invention of the thyristor about 30 years ago. The growing demand for controllability and conversion of electric energy has made this area increasingly important, which in turn has resulted in new device, circuit and control developments. In particular, new components, such as the GTO and power MOSFET, continue to extend power electronic technology to new applications. The technology embodied by the name "power electronics" is complex. It consists of both power level and signal level electronics, as well as thermal, mechanical, control, and protection systems. The power circuit, that part of the system actually processing energy, can be thought of as an amplifier around which is placed a closed loop control system. The goal of this book is to provide an easily understood exposition of the principles of power electronics. Common features of systems and their behavior are identified in order to facilitate understanding. Thyristor converters are distinguished and treated according to their mode of commutation. Circuits for various converters and their controls are presented, along with a description of ancillary circuits such as those required for snubbing and gate drives. Thermal and electrical properties of semiconductor power devices are discussed. The line-converter and converter-load interfaces are examined, leading to some general statements being made about energy transfer. Application areas are identified and categorized with respect to power and frequency ranges. The many tables presented in the book provide an easily used reference source. Valid IEC and German DIN standards are used in examples throughout the book. This book is designed to provide an overview of power electronics for students as well as practicing engineers. Only a basic knowledge of electrical engineering and mathematics is assumed. The list of references at the end of the book gives a survey of the field as it has developed over time. Understandably, the majority are cited from German publications. This book was first published in German, and has been translated into Japanese, Spanish, and Hungarian. The author is pleased that an English edition has now been published. Berlin, June 1986 Klemens Heumann Contents List of Principal Letter Symbols . XV 1 Introduction and Definitions . 1 1.1 Development History . 1 1.2 Basic functions of Static Converters 5 2 System components . . . . 7 2.1 Linear Components .. 7 2.2 Semiconductor Switches 8 2.3 Network Simulation. . 10 2.4 Non-linear Components 11 3 Power Semiconductor Devices 13 3.1 Semiconductor Diodes. 16 3.1.1 Characteristic Curve 16 3.1.2 Switching Behaviour 17 3.2 Thyristors . . . . . . . . 18 3.2.1 Characteristic Curve 18 3.2.2 Switching Behaviour 19 3.2.3 Thyristor Specifications 21 3.2.4 Types of Thyristor . . 22 3.2.4.1 Triac . . . . 23 3.2.4.2 Asymmetrical Silicon Controlled Rectifier (ASCR) 23 3.2.4.3 Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT) . 25 3.2.4.4 Gate-assisted-turn-off-thyristor (GATT) 25 3.2.4.5 Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO) . 26 3.2.4.6 Light-triggered Thyristor. . . . 27 3.2.4.7 Static Induction Thyristor (SITh) 27 3.3 Power transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.1 Bipolar Power Transistors . . . . . 30 3.3.1.1 Construction of a Transistor 30 3.3.1.2 Basic Connections. . 30 3.3.1.3 Characteristic Curves 31 3.3.1.4 Switching Behaviour. 32 3.3.2 MOS Power Transistors . . . 33 x Contents 3.3.2.1 Construction of a MOSFET .. 33 3.3.2.2 Characteristic Curves . . . . . 34 3.3.2.3 Control and Switching Behaviour 34 3.3.3 Static Induction Transistor (SIT) . . . . 35 4 Snubber Circuits, Triggering, Cooling, and Protection Devices 36 4.1 Snubber Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.1.1 Recovery Effect Snubber Circuits. . . . 37 4.1.2 Rate of Rise of Voltage Limitation . . . 38 4.1.3 Transformer and Load Snubber Circuits . 39 4.1.4 Series Connection. . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.5 Parallel Connection. . . . . . . . 41 4.1.6 Snubber Circuits for GTO-Thyristor. 42 4.2 Triggering. . . . . . 43 4.2.1 Triggering Area 43 4.2.2 Trigger Pulse. . 44 4.2.3 Trigger Pulse Generator 45 4.2.3.1 Trigger Pulse Generator for Thyristor 45 4.2.3.2 Trigger Pulse Generator for GTO 45 4.2.4 Trigger Equipment . . . . . . . . 48 4.3 Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.3.1 Operating and Limiting Temperatures 49 4.3.2 Losses. . . . . . . . . . 50 4.3.3 Thermal Equivalent Circuit 51 4.3.4 Heat Sinks. . . 55 4.3.5 Types of Cooling 55 4.4 Protection Devices . . 58 5 Switching Operations and Commutation . 62 5.1 Switching Behaviour of Electrical networks. 62 5.1.1 Switching an Inductance. 63 5.1.2 Switching a Capacitor . 64 5.2 Definition of Commutation 65 5.3 Natural Commutation. 66 5.4 Forced Commutation 67 5.5 Types of Converters. . 68 6 Semiconductor Switches and Power Controllers for AC 70 6.1 Semiconductor Switches for Single-phase and Three-phase AC 70 6.1.1 Semiconductor Switches. . 71 6.1.2 Switching Single-phase AC. . . . . . 74 6.1.3 Switching Three-phase AC. . . . . . 75 6.1.4 Switching Inductances and Capacitors . 79 6.2 Semiconductor Power Controllers for Single-phase and Three-phase AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Contents XI 6.2.1 Controlling Single-phase AC . 81 6.2.2 Controlling Three-phase AC . 84 6.2.3 Reactive and Distortion Power 84 6.2.4 Control Techniques. . 86 7 Externally Commutated Converters . 88 7.1 Line-commutated Rectifiers and Inverters 88 7.1.1 Operation in the Rectifier Mode 89 7.1.2 Operation in the Inverter Mode. 90 7.1.3 Line Commutation .. 92 7.1.4 Load Characteristic. . 97 7.1.5 Converter Connections 100 7.1.6 Converter Transformer 112 7.1.7 Reactive Power. . . . 116 7.1.8 Half-controllable Connections 122 7.1.9 Harmonics. . . . . . . . 126 7.2 Line-commutated Cycloconverters. 134 7.2.1 Double Converters . 134 7.2.2 Cycloconverters . . . . . 139 7.3 Load-commutated Inverters . . . 142 7.3.1 Parallel Resonant Circuit Inverters 142 7.3.2 Series Resonant Circuit Inverters 144 7.3.3 Motor-commutated Inverters. 146 8 SeH-commutated Converters. . . . . 148 8.1 Semiconductor Switches for DC 148 8.1.1 Closing a DC Circuit . . 148 8.1.2 Opening a DC Circuit. . 149 8.2 Semiconductor Power Controllers for DC 152 8.2.1 Current and Voltage Waveforms . 152 8.2.2 Transformation Equations . . . . 153 8.2.3 Energy Recovery and Multi-quadrant Operation 154 8.2.4 Capacitive Quenching Circuits . . . . . . . . 156 8.2.5 Control Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.2.6 Calculation of Smoothing Inductance and Smoothing Capacitor Values. . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.2.7 Pulse-controlled Resistance. . . . . . . . 160 8.2.8 Analysis of a Capacitive Quenching Process 162 8.2.9 Construction of an Energy Balance-sheet. 164 8.3 Self-commutated Inverters . . . . . . . . . 165 8.3.1 Single-phase Self-commutated Inverters 166 8.3.2 Multi-phase Self-commutated Inverters 168 8.3.3 Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . 170 8.3.4 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverter. 172 8.3.5 Converter with Sector Control 173 8.4 Reactive Power Converters. . . . . . . . . . 178 XII Contents 9 Power Systems for Converters 181 9.1 Characteristics of Electrical Power Systems. 181 9.2 DC System ............ . 184 9.3 Single-phase and Three-phase AC Systems 185 10 Loads for Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . 192 10.1 Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance as Load 194 10.2 Internal Impedance of the Converter 197 10.3 Motor Load . . 197 10.4 Battery Load. . . . . . .... 199 10.5 Distorting Load . . . . . . . . 199 10.6 Types of Duty and Classes of Load . 200 10.7 Service Conditions .202 11 Energy Conditions . . . .204 11.1 Energy Sources. . . 204 11.2 Waveform of Power against Time. . 205 11.3 Types of Converter . . . . . . . . 208 11.3.1 Converters with Commutation on the AC Side . 208 11.3.2 Converters with Commutation on the DC Side . 210 11.4 Coupling of Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11.4.1 Coupling of Single-phase AC and DC Systems . 214 11.4.2 Coupling of Three-phase AC and DC Systems . 217 11.5 Pulse Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.6 Pulse Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 11.6.1 Pulse Converters with Commutation on the DC Side . 223 11.6.2 Pulse Converters with Commutation on the AC Side . 227 11.7 Reactive Power Compensation and Balancing of Unbalanced Load 230 11.7.1 Reactive Power Compensation . . 230 11.7.2 Balancing of Unbalanced Load. . 232 11.8 Losses and Efficiency . 234 12 Control Conditions. . . . . 238 12.1 Terms and Designations . 238 12.1.1 Open-loop Control . 238 12.1.2 Closed-loop Control . 239 12.2 Converters as Correcting Unit . 241 12.2.1 Open-loop Control with Converters as Correcting Unit . 241 12.2.2 Closed-loop Control with Converters as Correcting Unit . 242 12.3 Control System Elements . . . . . . . 243 12.3.1 Linear Control System Elements . 243 12.3.2 Dead Time Element. . . 245 12.3.3 Characteristic Element. . 245 12.3.4 Configuration Diagram . 246 12.4 Internal Closed-loop Controls . 247

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The technology embodied by the name «power electronics» is complex. It consists of both power level and signal level electronics, as well as thermal, mechanical, control, and protection systems. The power circuit, that part of the system actually processing energy, can be thought of as an amplifie
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