Table Of ContentBasic Introduction to
Bioelectromagnetics
Basic Introduction to
Bioelectromagnetics
Third Edition
James R. Nagel, Cynthia M. Furse,
Douglas A. Christensen, and Carl H. Durney
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Furse, Cynthia, 1963- author. | Christensen, Douglas A., author. |
Durney, Carl H., 1931- author. | Nagel, James Richard, 1980- author.
Title: Basic introduction to bioelectromagnetics / Cynthia Furse, Douglas A.
Christensen, Carl H. Durney, and James Nagel.
Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018015039 (print) | LCCN 2018015791 (ebook) | ISBN
9780429849473 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9780429849466 (ePub) | ISBN
9780429849459 (Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781498780018 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780429455681 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Electromagnetic Phenomena | Biophysical Phenomena
Classification: LCC QP82.2.E43 (ebook) | LCC QP82.2.E43 (print) | NLM QT
34.8 | DDC 612/.01442--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015039
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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For Dad
For Katie
For Laraine
For Marie
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1 Electric and magnetic fields: Basic concepts . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electric field concepts 2
1.3 Magnetic field concepts 7
1.4 Sources of electric fields
(Maxwell’s equations) 11
1.5 Sources of magnetic fields
(Maxwell’s equations) 14
1.6 Electric and magnetic field interactions
with materials 17
1.7 Other electromagnetic field definitions 21
1.8 Waveforms used in electromagnetics 21
1.9 Sinusoidal EM functions 23
1.10 Root mean square or effective values 25
1.11 Wave properties in lossless materials 28
1.12 Boundary conditions for lossless
materials 30
1.13 Complex numbers in electromagnetics
(the phasor transform) 34
1.14 Wave properties in lossy materials 36
1.15 Boundary conditions for lossy materials 41
1.16 Energy absorption 42
1.17 Electromagnetic behavior as a function
of size and wavelength 44
1.18 Electromagnetic dosimetry 48
vii
Contents
2 EM behavior when the wavelength is large compared
to the object size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Low-frequency approximations 54
2.3 Fields induced in objects by incident E
fields in free space 56
2.4 E Field patterns for electrode
configurations 61
2.4.1 Capacitor-plate electrodes 61
2.4.2 Displacement current 66
2.4.3 In vitro electrode configurations 67
2.5 Electrodes for reception and stimulation
in the body 74
2.5.1 Electrodes for reception 76
2.5.1.1 Electrophysiological
assessment 76
2.5.1.2 Intracellular recording:
receiving signals from
the brain and nerves 76
2.5.1.3 Impedance imaging 77
2.5.1.4 Impedance monitoring
for lung water content
and percent body fat 78
2.5.2 Electrodes for stimulation 81
2.5.2.1 Cardiac pacemakers
and defibrillators 81
2.5.2.2 Pulsed electromagnetic
fields 82
2.5.2.3 Direct nerve stimulation 83
2.5.2.4 Ablation 83
2.6 Fields induced in objects by incident B
fields in free space 84
2.7 E field patterns for in vitro applied B fields 91
2.8 Measurement of low-frequency electric
and magnetic fields 99
2.9 Summary 108
3 EM behavior when the wavelength is about the same
size as the object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
3.1 I ntroduction 109
3.2 Waves in lossless media 110
viii
Contents
3.2.1 Spherical waves 110
3.2.2 Planewaves 114
3.3 Wave reflection and refraction 116
3.3.1 Planewave reflection at metallic
interfaces 116
3.3.2 Planewave reflection and
refraction at dielectric interfaces 126
3.4 Waves in lossy media 133
3.4.1 Waves in metals 133
3.4.2 Waves in lossy dielectrics 135
3.4.3 Energy absorption in lossy media 136
3.5 Transmission lines and waveguides 139
3.5.1 TEM systems 139
3.5.2 TEM systems for exposing
biological samples 147
3.5.3 Waveguides 152
3.5.3.1 TE and TM mode
patterns in rectangular
waveguides 153
3.5.3.2 Mode excitation and
cutoff frequencies 154
3.5.3.3 Waveguide systems
for exposing biological
samples 158
3.6 Resonant systems 158
3.7 Antennas 164
3.8 Diffraction 177
3.8.1 Diffraction from apertures 177
3.8.2 Diffraction from periodic
structures 180
3.9 Measurement of mid-frequency electric
and magnetic fields 183
3.10 S ummary 186
4 EM behavior when the wavelength is much smaller
than the object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
4.1 I ntroduction 189
4.2 Ray propagation effects 191
4.2.1 Refraction at dielectric interfaces 192
4.2.2 Optical polarization and
reflection from dielectric
interfaces 194
ix
