Basic Group Processes PDF
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SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology Springer Series In Social Psychology Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior Charles S. Carver/Michael F. Scheier Gender and Nonverbal Behavior Clara J1a!!o/Nanc!! M. lIenle!! (Editors) Personality, Roles, and Social Behavior William Ickes/Eric S. Knowles (Editors) Toward Transformation in Social Knowledge Kenneth]. Gergen The Ethics of Social Research: Surveys and Experiments Joan E. Sieber (Editor) The Ethics of Social Research: Fieldwork, Regulation, and Publication Joal! E. Sieher (Editor) Anger and Aggression: An Essay on Emotion James R. Averill The Social Psychology of Creativity Teresa M. Amabile Sports Violence Ieffre!! H. Goldstein (Editor) Nonverbal Behavior: A Functional Perspective 1".1 iII's L. Patterson Basic Group Processes Palll B. Pallllls (Editor) SSSP Basic Group Processes Edited by Paul B. Paulus [S] Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo Paul B. Paulus Department of Psychology University of Texas-Arlington Room 313 Life Science Building Arlington, Texas 76019 U.S.A. With 11 Figures Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Basic group processes. (Springer series in social psychology) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Social groups-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Influence (Psychology)--Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Exchange theory (Sociology)-Addresses. essays, lectures. 4. Social interaction-Addresses, essays, lectures. 1. Paulus, Paul B. II. Series. HM131.B355 1983 302.3 83-10363 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5580-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5578-9 001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5578-9 © 1983 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by Publishers Service, Bozeman, Montana. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Preface Research on groups has been a major focus of concern among psychologists and sociologists for many years. The study of groups certainly deserves a central role in these disciplines since much of our behavior occurs in groups and many important social phenomena involve groups. Issues such as leadership, conformity, group decision-making, group task performance, and coalition formation have had a long history of research. However, recently a number of other areas of research have blossomed that provide interesting new perspectives on group processes (e.g., social impact). In addition, topics of research have developed outside the commonly ac cepted domain of group dynamics (e.g., self-disclosure) which seem to be concerned with rather basic group processes. Basic Group Processes was designed to bring together in one volume a repre sentative sample of the broad range of work currently being done in the area of groups. Some of the chapters provide a review of the literature while others focus more specifically on current programs of research. All, however, provide new insights into basic group processes and a number provide broad integrative schemes. All of the authors were asked to emphasize theoretical issues rather than a detailed presenta tion of research. Basic Group Processes suggests that research on groups is a lively enterprise and forging interesting new theoretical and empirical directions. Basic Group Processes can serve as a text for both graduate and higher level undergraduate courses in groups. It not only provides a broad overview of the area but also should help stimulate further theoretical and empirical development. I am most appreciative of all those who encouraged and supported me in this project. A special thanks is due the staff of Springer-Verlag for their role in bringing this volume to fruition. Arlington, Texas Paul B. Paulus Contents Preface................................................................... v 1. Introduction ......................................................... 1 Paul B. Paulus Part 1. Social Influence Processes in Groups 2. Leadership Theory and Research: A Systems-Process Integration ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Martin M. Cherners Brief History ......................................................... 9 Current Research and Theory ......................................... 11 Integrative Systems/Process Model ................................... 28 3. Minority Influence .................................................. 41 Serge Moscovici and Gabriel Mugny Two Social Influence Models ......................................... 41 Impact of Behavioral Style ........................................... 46 Why is Minority Consistency Effective? .............................. 51 Minority Image ....................................................... 54 Consistency and Uniformity Pressures ................................ 57 Conclusion ........................................................... 61 4. Group Discussion and Judgment ................................... 65 Martin F. Kaplan and Charles E. Miller Introduction .......................................................... 65 Group Discussion and Individual Judgment .......................... 66 Normative and Informational Influence ............................... 68 viii Contents Mechanism for Informational Influence 74 Group Decision Rules ............................................... . 78 Summary ............................................................ . 89 Part 2. Group Inftuence on Task Performance and Informational Processing 5. Group Inftuence on Individual Task Performance 97 Paul B. Paulus Social Facilitation .................................................... 98 Group Size and Crowding ............................................ 100 Social Loafing ........................................................ 102 Integrative Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Evaluation of the Cognitive-Motivational Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Conclusions .......................................................... 116 6. The Impact of Personal Equity Processes on Performance in a Group Setting ....................................................... 121 John J. Seta and Catherine E. Seta Personal Equity Theory .............................................. 122 Task Performance: Willingness and Capability ....................... 124 Social Facilitation: Audience and Coaction Paradigms ................ 128 Processing Strategies ................................................. 134 A Comparison Between an Analysis of Personal Equity Processes and Other Theoretical Perspectives .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Conclusion ........................................................... 143 7. Social Context Effects in Persuasion: The Effects of Multiple Sources and Multiple Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Stephen G. Harkins and Richard E. Petty Division ofImpact ................................................... 151 Multiplication of Impact .............................................. 163 General Discussion ................................................... 169 Part 3. Exchange Processes in Groups 8. Coalition Formation: A Social Psychological Approach 179 S. S. Komorita and David A. Kravitz Classification of Coalition Situations ................................. 180 Theories of Coalition Formation ...................................... 183 General Evaluation of Theories .............. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Summary and Conclusions ........................................... 199 Contents ix 9. The Influence of Communication on Bargaining ................... 205 Charles G. McClintock, Frank J. Stech. and Linda J. Keil Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Communication ...................................................... 210 Communication Dilemmas ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Bargaining Research Paradigms ...................................... 214 Communication and Bargaining ...................................... 218 Conclusion ........................................................... 228 10. Procedural Justice, Participation, and the Fair Process Effect in Groups and Organizations .......................................... 235 Jerald Greenberg and Robert G. Folger Participation in Organizational Contexts .............................. 236 Participation in the Form of Choice .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Participation in the Form of Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Limiting Conditions of the Fair Process Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Conclusion ........................................................... 251 Part 4. Interaction in Groups 11. Loneliness, Sex-Role Orientation, and Group Life: A Social Needs Perspective .......................................................... 259 Phillip Shaver and Duane Buhrmester Current Conceptions of Loneliness ................................... 260 Social Provisions of Group Life ...................................... 262 Parallels Between the Provision Dimensions and Masculine and Feminine Social Styles ............................................... 269 Group Phenomena Viewed from a Social Needs Perspective .... . . . . . 273 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Directions ....................... 280 12. The Interpersonal Orientations of Disclosure 289 Richard L. Archer and Walter B. Earle The Self-Disclosure Tradition ........................................ 290 Traditional Role of Communication in Groups ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Relationships: Where the Self Joins the Group ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 The Uses of Disclosure ............................................... 298 Orienting Disclosure to Group Processes ............................. 306 13. Influences of Past Relationships on Subsequent Ones 315 William Ickes Toman's "Family Constellation" Theory ............................. 316 A Test of Competing Predictions ..................................... 321 x Contents Theoretical Implications .............................................. 324 Speculations and Directions for Future Research ........... .. . . . . . . . . 326 Conclusions .......................................................... 333 Author Index 339 Subject Index 352 Contributors Richard L. Archer, Department of Psychology, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, U.S.A. Duane Buhrmester, Department of Psychology, University of California-Los An geles, Los Angeles, California 90024, U.S.A. Martin M. Chemers, Chairman, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. Walter B. Earle, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A. Robert G . Folger, Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dal las, Texas 75275, U.S.A. Jerald Greenberg, Faculty of Management, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A. Stephen G. Harkins, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, U.S.A. William Ickes, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Ar lington, Texas 76019, U.S.A. Martin F. Kaplan, Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois 60115, U.S.A. Linda J. Keil, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A. Samuel S. Komorita, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, U.S.A. David A. Kravitz, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, U.S.A.
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