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This page intentionally left blank Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Idealforaone-semestercourse,thisconcisetextbookcoversbasic electronicsforundergraduatestudentsinscienceandengineering. Beginningwithbasicsofgeneralcircuitlawsandresistorcircuitstoease studentsintothesubject,thetextbookthencoversawiderangeoftopics, frompassivecircuitsthroughtosemiconductor-basedanalogcircuitsand basicdigitalcircuits.Usingabalanceofthoroughanalysisandinsight, readersareshownhowtoworkwithelectroniccircuitsandapplythe techniquestheyhavelearnt.Thetextbook’sstructuremakesitusefulasa self-studyintroductiontothesubject.Allmathematicsiskepttoasuitable level,andthereareseveralexercisesthroughoutthebook.Solutionsfor instructors,togetherwitheightlaboratoryexercisesthatparallelthetext,are availableonlineatwww.cambridge.org/Eggleston. DennisL.Eggleston isProfessorofPhysicsatOccidentalCollege,Los Angeles,whereheteachesundergraduatecoursesandlabsatalllevels (includingthecourseonwhichthistextbookisbased).Hehasalso establishedanactiveresearchprograminplasmaphysicsand,togetherwith hisundergraduateassistants,hehasdesignedandconstructedthreeplasma deviceswhichformthebasisfortheresearchprogram. Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Dennis L. Eggleston Occidental College, Los Angeles CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, SãoPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/Eggleston © D.Eggleston2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Eggleston,DennisL.(DennisLee),1953- BasicElectronicsforScientistsandEngineers/byDennisL.Eggleston. p. cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-76970-9(Hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-15430-7(Paperback) 1. Electronics. I. Title. TK7816.E352011 621.381–dc22 2010050327 ISBN978-0-521-76970-9Hardback ISBN978-0-521-15430-7Paperback Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/Eggleston CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. To my wife Lynne Contents Preface pagexi 1 Basic concepts and resistor circuits 1 1.1 Basics 1 1.2 Resistors 4 1.3 ACsignals 19 Exercises 23 Furtherreading 26 2 AC circuits 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Capacitors 27 2.3 Inductors 29 2.4 RCcircuits 30 2.5 Responsetoasinewave 37 2.6 Usingcomplexnumbersinelectronics 43 2.7 Usingthecomplexexponentialmethodforaswitchingproblem 54 2.8 Fourieranalysis 58 2.9 Transformers 61 Exercises 65 Furtherreading 67 3 Band theory and diode circuits 68 3.1 Thebandtheoryofsolids 68 3.2 Diodecircuits 80 Exercises 101 Furtherreading 103 4 Bipolar junction transistors 104 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 Bipolartransistorfundamentals 104 viii Contents 4.3 DCandswitchingapplications 108 4.4 Amplifiers 110 Exercises 131 Furtherreading 132 5 Field-effect transistors 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Field-effecttransistorfundamentals 134 5.3 DCandswitchingapplications 140 5.4 Amplifiers 141 Exercises 150 Furtherreading 151 6 Operational amplifiers 152 6.1 Introduction 152 6.2 Non-linearapplicationsI 153 6.3 Linearapplications 154 6.4 Practicalconsiderationsforrealop-amps 159 6.5 Non-linearapplicationsII 165 Exercises 168 Furtherreading 170 7 Oscillators 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Relaxationoscillators 171 7.3 Sinusoidaloscillators 185 7.4 Oscillatorapplication:EMcommunications 193 Exercises 198 Furtherreading 199 8 Digital circuits and devices 200 8.1 Introduction 200 8.2 Binarynumbers 200 8.3 Representingbinarynumbersinacircuit 202 8.4 Logicgates 204 8.5 Implementinglogicalfunctions 206 8.6 Booleanalgebra 208 8.7 Makinglogicgates 211