Basic Electronics and Project Manual

2018·28.1 MB·English

by  Somotun & Okeke

BASIC
ELECTRONICS and PROJECT

MANUAL
Astep-by-step guide to
learning electronics

Oluwatayo Somotun
Uchenna Okeke
BASIC ELECTRONICS AND
PROJECT MANUAL

A slep-hy-slep guide for anyone fo start learning electronics.

CONTAIN EXPERIMENTS THAT WILL OPEN UP YOUR MIND To TECIL
CRUATIVIIY AND INNOVATIONS SUCIT AS. LIGHT DISPLAY, FAN WITLL
CONTROL, TOY CAR MOTION CONTROT, PTIONE CIARGER, FLASUING LIGIIT.
SIMPLE AMPLIFIER, LIGHT CONTROLLED SWITCII AND LOTS MORE.

PROJECT DL ATAYO SOMOLES,
ws EXODUS TOnTNN ORK
BASIC ELECTRONICS AND
PROJECT MANUAL

A slep-hy-slep guide for anyone to slirt learning electronics

By

Ohuwataya Somotun

Uchenna Okeke

F) EDUSOD Logistics Service
sae CANN. APPLY AND DECLOP
Basie Mectnoigs an Project Manus
A step-by-step anide for naynae to stact leaning electronic,
By Olineataye Somotua and Lichouna Okske

DISCLAIMER

White the author has used good taith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions
ontained in this work are accurate, the author dislaim all respransibilty for errers at armissions,
including without linitalion responsibility for darnages resulting from the use of er teliance om Unis
ork, Use of the information and inetructians contained in thi werk ig at your oven risk

ceReDITS

‘The CAD sottware for schematic and breadboard design is an open-source initiative called Fritzing,
or mare information about this tool, please visit bitps//friving org,
Photo credit to the oorners of arginal imagus and pictures used in this book obtained from Uhe

SAFETY WARNING

“Thi hook iste for personal andl ingtuctianal purposes

Not suitable for cildien under 4 years of ae

‘Adult suparision is required tor younger users

Always observe safety precautions ata times “Safety First”

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any farm or by any means, oF
stored in a databace or retrieval ystern, without the prior written permission of the author, with
the exception thal the program sings may be entered, stored, und executed in a eomputer
system, but they may not be reproduced for publication

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DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to the Most High God the Father, the Son and the Holy
Ghost.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

| Oluwataye Somotun appreciate Uchenna Okeke and Tosin Oluwunmi for their contribution
and dedication in making these resources available through the EDUSOD Logistics Services
We could not have had this apportunity while growing up but we definitely believe that
Unough out Hille eoriibutions, we could help someune en the path Lo fuliling his/her
dress ite

My profound gratitude goes Lo Mr. and Mis. P.O. Sorolun, Ni. and Mrs Okeke, Mr, aul Mrs.
‘Oluwunmi, our siblings and relatives,

[also lke to appreciate the immerse contributions of Mr. Temi Oluwateranm in this work
and tor setting an example torus thrauigh the Reality Tech Training Centre, Aeokuta

To all those wha have given briliant ideas and abjective insights tor the artualizatian of this,
work Pastor Festus Owara, Michael Gyeghala, Victor Choj, Rasheed! Sholanke, Tumininis
Aduyigu, Michuel Adedeji lo mention buta few, we say thank you ull

To the Rev. CK Ajose and other pust Priests und members of SL John's Anglican Church
Aboru, lappreciate you al

| will aso like to appreciate all the statts of the Department of Physics, University of Lagos,
‘wha have made ettarts in adcling value ta eur lives.

Finally, 1o everyone sho sees possibilities in lite; pveryone who is ready to make trials and
learn fron snistukes until Uke goal fs achieved; everyone who will not despair; lel us kaw

Uhat better days ure ahead,
Irwe believe, with passion and focus, we ean achieve the unimaginable

THANK YOU,
TABLE OF CONTENT

Iniradation siti
How La so Thi hook :

SECTION ONE: THRORY
PART.
Chapter 1
1U'The breadboard,

111 Sizes of breathes:
1.2 Other featur
1.3 Wines, callow und eo
1.4 Commi breadbord seneotion mistakes
1.5 Making permanent eomection.

Chapter 2.

‘fhe rendbourd.

ss,

2.1 Types of maliimters
2.2 Parts a aul
Chapters.
3.0 Cella ans Ta
3.1 Hove st fatty aor,
3.2 Water analogy ofthe operation of a attery
3.3 Describing a battery
3 BE sourees
3.5 Ways of prodasing
3.6 Application of de
RT AC sources.
3.8 Application of ae,
39 lootivity. wl
39.1 Voltage,
3.9.2. Caem,
39.3 Resistanes
9A Ohm la
Chapter 4
4a Resistors
4.1 Resistor units
4.2 Resistor pee and ciecit symbols,
4.3 Resistor catogori
4A Understanding resistor coler vod A er
4.1 Fourdoand golour eos 2
45 Resistor power tmting, 21

‘arent, resintarce si elin's I
4.6 Basie functions of resistor in 9 oie,
A Kesistanes. rsistivity and sonduet

AX Fleoiical onergy. power and eurrant oafing flee
49 Povioe cousumcr and prodavars.
19.1 How bo exleulale post
4.9.2 Pow anl ohms Iw
4.10 Treating slement
4.11 Cinderstanding power rat
Chapt
5. Light Hinting Diode (LED
5.1 What ace lods?
5.2 Filament bul Te
5.2 Types of led.
5.4 Hove an fe works,
5.5 Led toreraed voltage and maxisnum custent
56 Laderstauding clectic scent and schswnatis,
5.6.1 Shon vircuit,
5.4.2 Open siren

iomship.

5.7 Tinderstunding cirsuitsehematies
5.8 Tips lor proper cin schematics or ding Uraoving
Chapter 6,
Sa Fess,

6.1 Mow at liane wrk
6.2 Types of fuse,
6.3 Safety handling tipe

PART,
Chapter.
724 Series and Pall

7.1 Sovien mangaanent,
7.2 Pavallel avanigement,

7.3 Calewlating taal sesistance in series agvangemnent,
7.4 Calculating tral resistance in pacallsl neeangament
7.5 Combining series and parallel eonnestions,

724 Cells in series. and parallel arrangement

Chapter 8.

i Variable resistors aad voltage divider

8.1 Variable resistors

82 Voltage divider.

8.3 Voltage divider equation

Chapter 9.

ea
8.0 Capacitors.

9.1 Lait af a capacitor.

9. Making nespacitr,

4913 Eastoes affecting the capacita

9. Inkocoal working of 4 vspnviler.

9.5 Charging al cisohwrging ala eapaitor.

94: Tinorgy stored in eapsitor

9.7 Capuitor value calculate

9.8 Capacitor specifications.

9.9 Types of eapaeitars,

9.10 Capacitors in series and pacallel arrangement.
9.10.1 Capacitor in paral
9.10:2-Caypactons in serio

ofa capacitor,

8.11 Tse Functions of capacitors in a circ
9.12 Cinouit usubleshonting guide,

PARTS.
Chapter 10.

109 Switches,

101 How ios a sitch works,

102 Switch characteristics an daseription,
Chapter 11.
TO Relass.
11.1 Low an electromagnetic relay works.
11.2 Describing a relay
41.3 lypes of electrarnechanical relay packages.
114 ing reli in iret
1.5 Introduction ta electomagnetise,
Chapter 12
1240 ined and irnsistor
12.1 Dindes,
12.1.1 Tow to use a diodes
12.1.2 Diade speviications.
12.1.3 Dias applivutions,
mists,
12.2.1 Bipolar Janet
12:
12.22 ‘Lransislor operation,
42.2.4 Different operiion modes oP Inunsstor

store (AIT

12.3 Tramsstor packaging types

12.4 Sinuple trsistor applications

2 Bipolar Juactioa wansistars (BIT coastrustion and pins
12.4.1 Transistor ite,

4.2 Lenosistor as an arnplifcr.
12.4.4 Iransistor Configurations

12.5 Other ussful Transistor circuits,

SECTION TWO:
COMPONENT PARTS LIST
Lis OF EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT 1 30.
APPENDIX

EXPERIMENTS

so
INTRODUCTION

We're living in an age of Information Technology. Electronics is at the very heart of the
Information ancl Camputer age. Flectranies has made deep impacts In several vital areas
such as ICT, Thtertainment, Agriculture, Medical diagnosis and treatment,
“Transportation, Air and space travel ctc

Its sometimes unbelievable, how many electronic gadgets we carry these days such as
digital wristwatches, calculators, mobile phones, cligital cameras, video cameras and so
ton, There are even allier electronic devices we ow operate in aur homes and offives,

In short, the economic developments of several countries are directly linked to their
technalngisal strengths in form ot designs, manutacturing and services of various
electronic devices. So, apart from learning how to read and write, olectronics has
become an essential part of a modern society. We therefore need to develop a very
good knuwledge of wleclronies i pur country so as lo Tavorably compels wilh other
developed nations,

Thus, Flectranics has hecome a ‘Rasic Science". lust as we teach Physics, Chemistry,
Biology and Mathematics in our Primary and Secondary schools. It is high time we
started Teaching our children electronics as a separate subject by itself as this will be
Important tor Indigenous technological literacy and development. If one wants 10 gain a
good understanding of electronics, he or she should have a hands on skill on how ta
build circuits and solve problems with i.

EDUSOD Logistic Seivives has Uherefore organized BASIC ELECTRONICS AND PROIECT
MANUAL, for personal and instructional purposes. Ihis manual will be useful for
acquiring basic practical knowledge ot the characteristics of different clectronic devices
and hands nn construction of varfous circuits. This book is tacused an providing the
knowledge required lo have a foundational understanding of electron

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