basic electronics

118 Pages·2017·8.93 MB·English

BASIC ELECTRONICS
Student Handbook
Class - XI
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
BASIC ELECTRONICS
Student Handbook
Class - XI
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
Basic Electronics
Student Handbook, Class - XI
Price:`
First Edition : January 2018, CBSE
No. of Copies :
Paper Used : 80 GSM CBSE Water Mark White Maplitho
“This book or part thereof may not be reproduced by any person
any agency in any manner.”
Published By : The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education,
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
Design Layout : Vijaylakshmi Printing Works Pvt. Ltd.,
& B-117, Sector-5, Noida-201301(U.P.)
Composed By
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1SOVEREIGN
SOCIALISTSECULARDEMOCRATICREPUBLICandtosecuretoallitscitizens:
JUSTICE,social,economicandpolitical;
LIBERTYofthought,expression,belief,faithandworship;
EQUALITYofstatusandofopportunity;andtopromoteamongthemall
FRATERNITYassuringthedignityoftheindividualandthe2unityandintegrityoftheNation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACTANDGIVETOOURSELVESTHISCONSTITUTION.
1. Subs,bytheConstitution(Forty-SecondAmendment)Act.1976,sec.2,for"SovereignDemocraticRepublic”(w.e.f.3.1.1977)
2. Subs,bytheConstitution(Forty-SecondAmendment)Act.1976,sec.2,for"unityoftheNation”(w.e.f.3.1.1977)
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Chapter IV A
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
ARTICLE51A
FundamentalDuties-ItshallbethedutyofeverycitizenofIndia-
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem;
(b) tocherishandfollowthenobleidealswhichinspiredournationalstruggleforfreedom;
(c) toupholdandprotectthesovereignty,unityandintegrityofIndia;
(d) todefendthecountryandrendernationalservicewhencalledupontodoso;
(e) topromoteharmonyandthespiritofcommonbrotherhoodamongstallthepeopleofIndiatranscending
religious,linguisticandregionalorsectionaldiversities;torenouncepracticesderogatorytothedignityof
women;
(f) tovalueandpreservetherichheritageofourcompositeculture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have
compassionforlivingcreatures;
(h) todevelopthescientifictemper,humanismandthespiritofinquiryandreform;
(i) tosafeguardpublicpropertyandtoabjureviolence;
(j) tostrivetowardsexcellenceinallspheresofindividualandcollectiveactivitysothatthenationconstantly
risestohigherlevelsofendeavourandachievement;
1(k) toprovideopportunitiesforeducationtohis/herchildor,asthecasemaybe,wardbetweenageof6and14
years.
1. Subs.bytheConstitution(Eighty-SixthAmendment)Act,2002
Preface
The technology is changing very fast. The invention of Electron was breakthrough towards
the modernized shape of Electrical, Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics and
Nanotechnology. From Electron to Electronics, from Diode to Transistor, from Transistor to
Logic Gates from Logic Gates to Chips (Integrated Circuits) and further advancements in
Nanotechnology and applications of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has
revolutionized the electronics area.
Any advanced technology is basically dependent on basic concepts. Keeping this in
perspective CBSE has introduced Electronics Technology as a Vocational Course at Senior
Secondary level in class-XI (Level-3) and class-XII (Level-4). The Basic Electronics,
Student Handbook for class XI has been designed to help the students to understand the
basics of electronics.The units of the book have been designed in a way that students can get
the concept of basics in sequence.
The Student Handbook encompasses the evolution of electronics, atoms and element, atomic
energy level, field intensity, current density, electric field, magnetic field and cathode ray
oscilloscope etc. The units relate to voltage and current where fundamentals of current,
resistors, voltage source, battery etc., have been discussed. In addition, it focuses on basics of
semiconductors which give an insight into metals, semiconductors, insulators, PN Junction
diode, rectifiers etc. The content provides information about various configurations of
Junction Transistor, FET, MOSFET Transistor amplifier and its applications, SCR, DIAC
andTRIAC etc.
The language used in this book is simple and easily understandable to the student at class XI
level. Relevant pictorial illustrations, examples and simplified concepts help the student to
learn with ease and comfort.
This book is authored by competent educationists in the field of Electronics and
Communication in association with CBSE focussing on helping the students to learn without
any difficulty and use this book as a tool for easy learning.
Chairperson, CBSE
Acknowledgements
ADVISORS
·Smt.AnitaKarwal,IAS,Chairperson,CBSE
CONTENT DEVELOPED BY
·Sh.RakeshKr.Dhammi,HOD,DepartmentofMechatronics,Delhi-(Convener)
·Smt. Monika Garg, Assistant Professor, GP Pant Government Engineering College,
Okhla, New Delhi
·Smt. Charu Gaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Delhi Institute of Tool
Engineering, Govt. of Delhi, Okhla, New Delhi
EDITING & COORDINATION
·Dr.BiswajitSaha,Director(Vocational&Training),CBSE
Contents
Unit-1 Overview of Atom, Sub Atomic Particles & CRO
1.0 Unit Overview and Description ... 1
1.1 Brief History of Electronics ... 2
1.2 Atoms and its Elements ... 4
1.3 Bohr’sAtomic Model ... 4
1.4 Atomic Energy Level ... 5
1.5 Electron ... 7
1.6 Field Intensity ... 7
1.7 Potential Energy ... 7
1.8 Current and Current Density ... 8
1.9 Electric Field ... 9
1.10 Magnetic Field ... 9
1.11 Motion of Charged Particles in Electric Field ... 10
1.12 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ... 10
Unit-2 Voltage & Current
2.0 Unit Overview and Description ... 18
2.1 Current Flow Theories ... 19
2.2 Resistors ... 23
2.2.1 Fixed Resistors ... 23
2.2.2 Variable Resistors ... 29
2.3 Introduction to Capacitors ... 30
2.4 The Inductors ... 38
2.5 Voltage Source ... 40
2.6 Battery (Electricity) ... 45
Unit-3 Basics of Semiconductor
3.0 Unit Overview and Description ... 52
3.1 Semiconductor Materials ... 54
3.2 Energy Band ... 54
3.3 Material Structure ... 55
3.4 Energy Gap ... 56
3.5 Field and Photo Electric Emission ... 56
3.6 Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductor ... 57
(n-type & p-type Semiconductors)
3.7 Drift Current ... 58
3.8 Diffusion Current ... 58
3.9 Effects of Temperature on Conductivity of Semiconductor ... 59
3.10 PN Junction Diode (Semiconductor Diode) ... 60
3.11 Depletion Layer ... 60
3.12 Potential Barrier ... 61
3.13 Forward & Reverse Biasing ... 61
3.14 V-I Characteristic of Semiconductor ... 62
3.15 Resistance Level ... 63
3.16 Breakdown in Junction Diode ... 63
3.17 Zener Diode ... 64
3.18 Photo Diode ... 65
3.19 LED (Light Emitting Diode) ... 66
3.20 Diode as a Rectifier ... 66
3.21 Voltage Multipliers ... 68
3.22 Zener Diode Regulator ... 68
3.23 Special Information - ... 69
(Introduction to Filters, Clippers, Clampers)
Unit - 4 Bipolar Junction Transistor
4.0 Unit Overview and Description ... 74
4.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) ... 75
4.2 BJT Biasing ... 78
4.3 CB, CE and CC Configuration ... 78
4.4 Characteristics and Transistor Parameters for CB, CE, CC, ... 80
Configuration
4.5 Introduction to FET, JFET, MOSFET, CMOS and VMOS ... 85
4.6 Characteristics of VariousTransistors ... 91
Unit - 5 TransistorAmplifier and Applications
5.0 Unit Overview and Description ... 93
5.1 Introduction to Amplifiers ... 95
5.2 Single and Multistage Amplifiers ... 96
5.3 Amplifier Characteristics ... 97
5.4 Feedbacks in Amplifiers ... 97
5.5 Introduction to Oscillators ... 98
5.6 Multivibrators (MVS) ... 99
5.7 Signal Generator ... 99
5.8 Thyristors ... 100
5.9 LightActivated SCR (LASCR) ... 102
1
UNIT
Overview of Atom, Sub-Atomic Particles & CRO
1.0 Unit Overview and Description
?Overview
?Knowledge and Skill Outcomes
?Assessment Plan
?Learning Outcomes
?Resource Material
?Topics Covered
Brief History of Electronics, Atoms and its Elements, Atomic Energy Level, Electron, Field
Intensity, Potential Energy, Current and Current Density, Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motion
of Charged Particles in Electric Field, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
Overview
This unit starts with the understanding of History of Electronics and Fundamentals Elements such
as Atoms and its Elements, Atomic Energy Level, Electron, Field Intensity, Potential Energy,
Current and Current Density, Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motion of Charged Particles in
Electric Field, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
Knowledge and Skill Outcomes
i) Understanding of fundamentals of basic electronics elements.
ii) Understanding of all about the atom and electron.
iii) Knowledge of various types of fields.
iv) Knowledge of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
Assessment Plan: (For the Teachers)
Unit-1 Topic Assessment Time Remarks
Method Plan
Brief History of Electronics,Atoms and Exercise: Two Hours
its Elements, Bohr’s Atomic Model, Question &
AtomicEnergyLevel. Answer
Electron, Field Intensity, Potential Exercise: Two Hours
Energy,CurrentandCurrentDensity. Question &
Answer
Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motion Exercise: Two Hours
of Charged Particles in Electric Field, Question &
CathodeRayOscilloscope. Answer
Basic Electronics 1