Basic electronic circuits simplified.

356 Pages·1972·48.605 MB·English

by  Nelson Hibbs

Basic
Electronic
Circuits
Simplified
BY NELSON HIBBS
TAB BOOKS
Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214
FIRST EDITION
FIRST PRINTING-DECEMBER 1972
Copyright 01972 by TAB BOOKS
Printed in the United States
of America
Reproduction or publication of the content in any manner, with
out express permission of the publisher, is prohibited. No liability
is assumed with respect to the use of the information herein.
Hardbound Edition: International Standard Book No. 0-8306-2622-X
Paperb ound Edition: International Standard Book No. 0-8306-1622-5
Library of Congress Card Number: 72-87457
Dedicated to my daughters, Pepper and Kandy.
CONTENTS
1 BASIC LAWS OF ELECTRONICS 7
Ohm's Law-Kirchhoff's Law-Combining Ohm's and
Kirchhoff's Lav.s-Von Helmholtz, Thevenin, Norton, and
~1illman Theorems- Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
Norton Equivalent Circuits
L, R, C AND TIME CONSTANTS 41
2
Reactance Formulas-The Inductor- The Capacitor
Multiple Inductors-Multiple Capacitors- Graphical
Analysis-Step Function \.Vaveforms- Time Constants
Series Integrator Circuits-Use of the LLOO Scale-Use
of the LN-3 Scale-Use of the LL-3 Scale-For Epsilon
Powers Less Than Minus Orre-Series Differentiator
Circuits- Rise Time Calculations-Compensated Divider
3 DIODES 85
Conslruction of Junction Diodes-Zener Diode-Tunnel
Diode- Back Diodes- Shockley Diode- Field Effect
Diode-"Snap" Diode
4 ANALYZING TIME CONSTANTS OF
DIODE CIRCUITS 109
Simple High Pass Filter (A Review)-Adding a Diode-
Reversing Polarities- Getting a Bit More Complex
"Catchjng" Diodes Used in Both Directions- Tunnel
Diode Differentiator Feeding-Back-Diode Integrator
Field-Effect Diode Circuits-Sawtooth Generators
5 AMPLIFIER DEVICES 135
Triode Tube Analysis-Diodes and Pentodes- Equating
Tubes and Transistors
6 AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS 197
Calculating Input and Output Resistance, and Voltage
Gain-Triode Plate-Loaded Stage Voltage Gain For-
mulas- Thevenin Equivalent of Vacuum Tube as Voltage
Generator- Norton Equivalent of Vacuum Tube as
Current Generator- The " Metering Resistance"
Analysis of Transistor and FET Amplifiers Using
"Transresistance''-Paraphase Amplifier-Differential
Amplifier-Push-Pull Amplifier
7
COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF AN
AMPLIFIER 231
lnitial Methodology-Preliminaries and Self Test
Author's Analysis in Detail
8 FREQUENCY RESPONSE, AND
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 252
Frequency Response-Gain Times Bandwidth
Determining Stray Capacities and Their Effects
Relating Bandwidth, Rise Time, and RC-Operational
Amplifiers-Transistor Op Amp- Frequency
Compensated Op Amp- Emitter Follower-Common
Emitter Op Amp-Push-Pull of Amp.s -In-Phase Feed
back- Quiz
9
MORE ON FEEDBACK (OSCILLATORS) 280
Coaxial Transmission Line- Op Amp Becomes
Oscillator - Sine-Wave Oscillator Example - Franklin
Oscillator- Tuned Plate-Tuned Grid Oscillator
Armstrong Oscillator-Hartley Oscillator-Colpitts
Oscillator-Grid-Plate Pierce Oscillator- Triode-Type
Cl'ysta1-Con trolled Oscillator- Neu tra liz.a tion-Growing
Your Own Crystals
10 POWER, POWERSUPPLIES AND
1
SAFETY 300
Safety- Half-Wave Rectifier-Full Wave Rectifier
Series Regula tor as Operational Amplifier -
"Designing" a Power Supply - Solid-State Power
Supply
APPENDIX 337
The Powers of Ten-Programmed Instruction of The
Powers of Ten- Reactions-Directions-Answers
Conclusion
INDEX 349
PREFACE
Our trade-electronics-is a fairly young one, really star ting
at around the turn of the 20th century with the development of
the vacuum tube. Up until this time, it was predominantly a
hobby for the rich and a curiosity for the scientifically in
clined. The half century which followed allowed plenty of time
for a standard, cut-and-dried approach to develop fairly
universal training curriculums. Then came transistors and
solid-state circuitry. These devices were treated as almost a
completely separate subject. A new and different system for
transistor circuit analysis was mathematically developed and
scientifically proven to a far more accurate degree than the
parts and circuits could be designed. The twenty years that
followed 1950 saw an ever-increasing number of electronic
equipments manufactured. Each new item seemed to require
a new system of analysis all its own. Formulas for predicting
field effect transistor operation bore no resemblance to those
used to predict operation of regular transistorized circuitry
and the formulas for transistor circuit analysis bore no
resemblance to the now well-rooted vacuum-tube approach.
Then each slightly different scientific field began to develop
its own system for transistor analysis and half a dozen other
approaches showed up, which left the poor technician caught
in the middle with a vacuum-tube-algebra background, sadly
in need of a full college degree to even understand most of the
writings relative to these new devices.
However, glimmerings of light have begun to show
through this cloud of previously required knowledge, and a
slight modification along with a simp.lified expansion of the old
vacuum-tube approaches is proving to be universally ap
plicable to all circuitry. This is what this book is all about.
Please don't let the slight tongue-in-cheek presentation of
this material cause you to treat it too lightly. My attempt here
is to try to use common language and lightness of approach to
promote more of an interest in learning the subject. All too
often this type of material has been developed through ex
tended use of shorthand of mathematics, so I wiJl also attempt
to use nothing beyond common, everyday algebra in
developing the tools of our trade-which is how I like to think
of all the useful conclusions and systems of thinking about
modern circuitry.
Tbe material in this book develops a system which largely
bypasses the ultra-exact approach to circuit analysis. Tbe
roots of what the book presents are all soundly anchored to tbe
fundamentals of electronics, and this, of course, is the proof of
the system.
Some of what you have read before may be repeated here,
but in a new and different way which enhances understanding.
I wish to express my appreciation to Tektronix, Inc., for
their kind permission to reprint herein portions of several
articles and several diagrams. I would also like to thank Mr.
William Neill and Mr. Ron Olson for their encouragement and
help in bringing my manuscript into reality.
Nelson W. Hibbs
Basic Laws
of
Electronics
CHAPTER 1
Knowledge of electronics as a basis of industry is a com
paratively new capability of man. I like to think of it as really
beginning in 1827 when instructor of mathematics and physics,
Georg Simon Ohm, published his pamphlet, "Mathematical
Theory of the Galvanic Circuitry." You see, this was the
publication that contained the basis of what we now call
OHM'S LAW. Mr. Ohm (1787-1854) did not write E equals I
times R. The terms, E, I, and R hadn't even been invented at
that time. He did speak of electrical pressure, an electrical
current that flowed, and the opposition to this exhibited by the
circuit in which 1t flowed.
The scientists of his time who agreed with him were few
and far between. For that matter, Mr. Ohm lost his job over
the publication of his pamphlet. It actually took 14 years for
the scientists of that time to grudgingly agree that Mr. Ohm
had stated the laws of the electric circuit for the first time.
(The Royal Society of London awarded him the Copley Medal
in 1841.)
Progress was slow in those days. It took 40 more years to
get these things of which Mr. Ohm wrote defined into basic
units and terms of measure. It was the Electrical Congress in
Paris, in 1881, which named electrical pressure (volts) after
the Italian scientist, Volta, electrical current (amperes) after
the Frenchman, Ampere, and the opposition to current flow
after Mr. Ohm- the German- although I suppose we should
call him a Bavarian, because that's where he was born. This
Congress also defined each of these units of electrical measure
in technical terms for the first time in history. We define them
a little bit differently today and much more accurately, but
Mr. Ohm's Law still holds true.
OH~l'S LAW
Stated in terms used when I went to school, Ohm's Law
was:
E = I x R
7
But I think you will find it to your advantage to remember
it as:
V = I x R (Eq. 1-1)
What's that?
How do you keep these quantities straight? How do you
REMEMBER them?
Well, I understand it is easier to remember something if
we can associate it with something that's kind of crazy. Ac
tually, the crazier the better. So let me suggest this;
Think of Old Man V-O-L-T-S
Pushing a Wheelbarrow of A-M-P-S
Up the Rocky Road of R-E-S-1-S-T-A-N-C-E
If you can remember this crazy picture, you'll never forget
Ohm's Law. It'll keep straight in your mind (1) what does the
pushing, (2) what gets pushed, and (3) what opposes the
motion. We can take these three quantities, V, I, and R, and
put them all in the same basket and this will keep our arith
metic straight as long as Vis on top-like this :
V V V
~-,
R R R
V • lxR I• V/R R • V/1
8