Bargaining with a Rising India: Lessons from the Mahabharata PDF
Preview Bargaining with a Rising India: Lessons from the Mahabharata
BARGAINING WITH A RISING INDIA Bargaining with a Rising India Lessons from the Mahabharata BY AMRITA NARLIKAR ARUNA NARLIKAR 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #AmritaNarlikarandArunaNarlikar2014 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2014 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013957002 ISBN 978–0–19–969838–7 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc To Durga and Mahadeva in respectful gratitude Acknowledgements Workingonthisbookhasbeenextremelyenrichingforus,intellectuallyand emotionally. To bring together our expertise in modern International Rela- tionsandclassicalSanskritsourceswasintellectuallyadelightfullystimulating task. Emotionallytoo, thisbook holdsaspecial valueforusbecausemany of the stories that we discuss here are amongst the most loved stories of our childhoods. Aruna began her intellectual journey into the Mahabharata with her mother, Dr Vanamala Bhawalkar, who was a scholar of Sanskrit and a publishedauthoronmanysubjects,includingtheMahabharata.Sheisgrateful to both her parents, Vanamala and Professor D. R. Bhawalkar for the many spiritedconversationsonIndianphilosophy,andalivelyintellectualenviron- mentathome. Amrita thanks many of her colleagues for useful conversations on this exciting and unusual project. She is particularly grateful to Martin Daunton, RosemaryFoot,AndrewHurrell,CharlesJones,MilesKahler,DonnaLee,and Brendan Simms for stimulating questions and valuable suggestions. She thanks the Master, Fellows, and staff of Darwin College for providing such a happy and supportive environment to work in, and is especially grateful to Geoffrey Lloyd,Leo Howe,and AlanBlackwellformanyhelpful discussions. JagdishBhagwati,WillyBrown,DesmondKing,andRobertSternhavealways beenasource ofinspiration, encouragement,andsupport.Sheisindebtedto Markus Gehring, Adrian Kent, and Jocelyn Probert for their unwavering friendship. WearebothgratefultoOxfordUniversityPressfortheopportunitytowork on this project, and especially to Dominic Byatt for his enthusiastic support andconstructivesuggestionsthroughout.Wealsothanktheproductionteam at OUP, particularly Carla Hodge and Elizabeth Suffling, for their splendid cooperation. We owe our greatest debt to Professor Anant Narlikar. His active involve- ment significantly improved the project. His staunch support and spirited encouragement kept us going. And his wonderful and unique storytelling skillsmadeworkingonthisprojectallthemoreenjoyable. Contents 1. PlayingHardball?IndiainInternationalNegotiations 1 2. India’sNegotiationStrategy:TheHeroismofHardBargaining? 24 3. FramingfromaMoralHighHorse 72 4. Coalitions:ChoosingAllies,SustainingFriendships 113 5. Time:TheLongShadowofthePastandtheFuture 167 6. Conclusion 206 AppendixA: TheStoryoftheMahabharatainBrief 225 AppendixB: ANoteofExplanationabouttheSanskritReferences 228 Index 231 1 Playing Hardball? India in International Negotiations Effective bargaining holds the key to dealing successfully with any rising power. Politicianswhoseekalliances,businessentrepreneurswhoseekmar- ket access, or indeed international bureaucrats who wish to secure greater cooperationoninternationalagreementsmustengagethenewpowerthrough persuasive negotiation. While the diplomatic cultures and styles of most cultures show some national peculiarities,1 the new powers of today pres- ent additional challenges. The so-called BRICs2—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—have fundamentally different political structures from the core, and theirvisionsofglobalorderhavepresentedachallengetothoseespousedby the liberal West.3 Understanding the roots of their negotiating cultures presents the first step towards bargaining successfully with them. This book deals with the ‘I’ in the BRICs, namely India, and focuses particularly on analysingIndia’snegotiatingtraditionsthroughthelensofaclassicalSanskrit text,theMahabharata. Why does India’s negotiation behaviour need explaining? To begin with, IndiahasneverbeenaneasynegotiatingpartnerfortheWest.StephenCohen, forinstance,writesthatIndia‘seemstorelishgettingtono’;further,theWest has long been ‘irritated’ and ‘frustrated’ by India’s negotiation style.4 Experi- mental studies further confirm that Indians are tough negotiators, showing reluctance to compromise along with a readiness to reject offers.5 There are many plausible explanations as to why India has proved to be a difficult negotiating partner, including its relatively recent colonial past, particular configurations of domestic interests, and bureaucratic politics in domestic institutions. But a few studies argue that consistencies across issue areas and continuities over time in India’s negotiation behaviour suggest that this 1 Druckmanetal.1976;R.Cohen2004;Salacuse2004. 2 O’Neill2001. 3 Hurrell2006;Narlikar2010. 4 S.Cohen2001. 5 Druckmanetal.1976.
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