Bamboo Fibres: Processing, Properties and Applications

246 Pages·2022·11.605 MB·English

by  K. Murugesh Babu, S.M. Chandrasekhara

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Processing, Properties and
Applications
K. MURUGESH BABU
S.M. CHANDRASEKHARA
Introduction
This book highlights bamboo fibre extraction, properties and applications.
It is a comprehensive collection of detailed chapters ranging from bamboo
fibre history, its growth characteristics to its applications and techno-
economics. The book provides an overview of bamboo fibre extraction
and its processing. The book commences with a chapter on introduction
to bamboo fibres and the history of bamboo, growth characteristics of
bamboo such as types of bamboo and morphology of bamboo are dis-
cussed in detail. This is followed by chapters providing comprehensive
information on bamboo fibre extraction; its characterization and its physi-
cal, comfort, thermal and low-stress properties as well as detailing the pro-
duction of yarns and fabrics. The book concludes with chapters on the
antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibres, chemical processing of bamboo
fibres, yarns and fabrics and the application and techno-economics of
bamboo fibre production and processing aspects. Bamboo Fibres: Processing,
Properties, and Applications is an essential book for all those concerned with
bamboo fibre extraction, its processing aspects and properties, its produc-
tion and extension, its research and development and its application in
textile and other industries. It will serve as a valuable material for textile
and fashion industry professionals, research scientists, and academia. It is a
comprehensive resource material for students and academicians.
xv
Foreword
Nowadays, when pollution by synthetic microfibres is one of the biggest
plastic pollution issues, we are returning to biodegradable, natural fibres to
save our environment. The family of fibrous cellulosic raw materials, such
as cotton, jute, flax, hemp, kenaf, sisal, ramie, coir and bamboo, and
recently discovered many other lignocellulosic natural fibrous resources
can be extracted, processed, modified, specially functionalized and applied
in the production of the textiles: woven, knitted, nonwoven, technical,
3D textiles and also used as reinforcement of more friendly composites.
Now the future of natural fibrous resources, new trends in their pro-
duction, processing, wider application and their competition with man-
made fibres in the 21st century is very important for decreasing pollution
and CO emissions.
2
Bamboo has a short reproduction time, grows with solar energy and
water, extracts CO from air and releases oxygen. It is a lignocellulosic
2
plant that grows very fast, with high structural organization and with
many advantages. It helps millions of global people to live.
At the end of 20th century, on the base of bamboo biomass, bamboo
fibre was developed as a textile fibre, similar to viscose and cotton. In the
book, “Bamboo Fibres: Processing, Properties and Applications,” the
authors have compiled the current knowledge including an introduction
and history of bamboo fibres; the growth characteristics of bamboo: types
of bamboo, morphology of bamboo; the extraction methods for bamboo
fibres—various extraction methods, different types of bamboo fibres; the
characterization of bamboo fibres: physical and chemical composition,
characterization of bamboo using X-ray, IR and other techniques; the
properties of bamboo fibres—physical, performance, comfort thermal and
low stress mechanical properties; the production and properties of bamboo
yarns and fabrics; the investigation and comparison of antibacterial prop-
erty of bamboo plants, natural bamboo fibres and commercial bamboo
viscose textiles; the chemical processing of bamboo and bamboo products
and the applications and techno-economics of bamboo fibres.
xiii
xiv Foreword
This book provides comprehensive knowledge about these new
emerging fibres, and the target readers may be scientists, students, indus-
trial people, policy makers and consumers.
Prof. Dr. Ryszard Kozlowski
Prof. Dr. Ryszard M. Kozłowski, F.T.I. (Hon)
Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Natural Fibers (Taylor &
Francis Group, Philadelphia, USA)
Former Director, Institute of Natural Fibres, Poznan´, Poland
Professor Honoris Causa, Pontifical Catholic
University Ibarra (Ecuador)
Coordinator, ESCORENA Network (European Cooperative
Research Network on Flax and Other Bast Plants)
Coordinator, ESCORENA Focal Point
Editor, Handbook of Natural Fibres, 1st (ed.) (2012)
and 2nd (ed.) (2020), ELSEVIER
Honorary Fellow, Textile Institute, Manchester, UK
Member, American Chemical Society
Member, ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)
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Contents
Abouttheauthors xi
Foreword xiii
Introduction xv
1. Introduction andhistoryof bamboo fibres 1
1.1 Introductiontobambooandbamboofibres 1
1.1.1 Historyofbambooandbamboofibres 5
1.1.2 Taxonomyandgeographicaldistribution 9
1.1.3 Prospectsofbamboofibres 15
References 18
Furtherreading 21
2. Growth characteristics of bamboo:types of bamboo,
morphologyof bamboo 23
2.1 Worlddistributionofbamboo 24
2.2 Bamboogrowthhabitat 25
2.3 Growthprocess 27
2.4 BamboogrowingareasinIndia 27
2.5 Morphologyofbamboo 28
2.6 Typesofbamboo 31
2.6.1 Runningbamboo 31
2.6.2 Clumpingbamboos 33
2.7 Othervarietiesofbamboo(Chinesevarieties) 34
2.7.1 Ornamentalbamboo 34
2.7.2 Modernbamboovarieties 37
2.8 Chemicalcompositionofbamboo 41
References 43
3. Extraction methodsfor bamboo fibres: various extraction
methods,differenttypes ofbamboo fibres 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Bamboofibreextractionmethods 47
3.2.1 Extractionofnaturalbamboofibres 47
3.3 Typesofmechanicalextractionmethods 50
3.3.1 Steamexplosionmethod 50
3.3.2 Crushing 52
v
vi Contents
3.3.3 Grinding 52
3.3.4 Rollingmill 52
3.3.5 Retting 53
3.4 Bamboofibreprocessbychemicalmethods 53
3.4.1 Chemicalretting 54
3.4.2 Alkalioracidretting 55
3.5 Biologicalmethods 56
3.5.1 Microbialculture 57
3.6 Combinedmechanicalandchemicalextractionmethods 58
3.7 Extractionoffibresfrombambooshootshell 58
3.8 Productionofregenerated(pulp)bamboofibres 59
3.8.1 Rayonprocess 59
3.8.2 Lyocellprocess(eco-friendlyprocesstoproducebamboofibre) 61
3.9 Typesofbamboofibres 62
3.9.1 Naturalbamboofibres 62
3.9.2 Bamboo(viscose)rayonfibres 62
3.9.3 Bamboocharcoalfibre 63
3.9.4 NaturalbamboofibrefromLITRAX 66
3.10 Summary 67
References 67
4. Characterisation of bamboo fibres 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Thechemicalcompositionofbamboofibres 72
4.3 Cellulose 73
4.4 Hemicellulose 74
4.5 Lignin 74
4.6 Structureofthebamboofibreatthemacro-andmicrolevel 75
4.7 Morphologyoftheelementarybamboofibres 78
4.8 Studiesoncharacterisationofstructureofbamboofibres 79
4.9 X-raydiffractionstudies 85
4.10 Degreeofcrystallinity 86
4.11 FTIRstudies 91
4.12 Summary 95
References 96
5. Properties of bamboo fibres: physical,performance, comfort,
thermal, and low stress mechanical properties 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Physicalpropertiesofnaturalbamboofibres 102